European Union Description :: European Union Essays

European Union Description In 1967, three European institutions merged. The three institutions were the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC), and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). When the three merged, they formed the European Community or EC. On November 1, 1993, the 12 members of the European Community ratified the Treaty on European Union, or Maastricht Treaty. The twelve members were- Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. The countries of the Benelux Economic Union- Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg- continue to and in some ways as a single economic entity within the European Union. The EC became the policy-making body of the European Union. In 1994 Austria, Finland, and Sweden became members of the European Union. By 1997 more than a dozen countries had applied for European Union membership, but the European Union had only admitted the three listed above. T he other countries that applied for membership include Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Switzerland, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic. Of those countries, six are considered associate members of the European Union: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia. Three other countries-Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania-are being considered for associate membership. Other potential European Union applicants include members of the European Free Trade Association. The European Union was expected to decide which counties it would open negotiations for full membership with by the end of 1997. The purpose of the European Union was to increase economic integration and strengthen cooperation among its member states. European citizenship was granted to citizens of each member state, under the Treaty on European Union. Customs and immigration agreements were enhanced to allow European citizens more freedom to live, work, and s tudy in any of the member states, and border controls were also eased. The European Union also set a goal of establishing a single European currency, the Euro, by 1997; this date was later changed to 1999. It is proposed that full circulation of the Euro is to be in effect by the year 2002. At that time the individual states notes will no longer be valid. The European Union’s attempts to establish a single European currency have had some controversy. An example is, some member countries, such as Great Britain, have worried that a shared European currency would threaten their national identity and their government’s authority.

Mehta Automobiles Essay

In 1980, Mr. Sanat Mehta joined Standard Automobiles of Ahmedabad as a mechanic. In appreciation of his excellent work, he was soon promoted to the post of chief mechanic. Mr. Mehta’s professional ability, his pleasing manners and sense of responsibility endeared him to the customers of Standard Automobiles to such an extent that some of them persuaded him to commence his own automobile repair workshop. One of them persuaded him to commence his own automobile repair workshop. One customer, Mr. Nitin Shah offered to rent a part of his godown situated in a busy street of Ahmedabad city. Another customer, Mr. Mohan Kapoor, the local manager of a large bank mentioned that a loan of up to Rs. 100,000 could be made available to him under the scheme for financing small business. After some discussion with members of his family, Mr. Mehta decided to commence an automobile service and repairs workshop under the name of Mehta Automobiles. For this purpose, he invested Rs. 50,000 from his past savings and accepted Mr. Shah’s and Mr. Kapoor’s offers. A part of the amount was deposited in the bank in the name of Mehta Automobiles. The enterprise had a good start, thanks to the patronage of some old customers of Standard Automobiles. Mr. Mehta publicized his operations by displaying cinema slides in selected local cinemas and soon his workshop became well known in that area. In the beginning, Mr. Mehta did all the work of the mechanic, helped by two assistants recruited at the time of the commencement of the business. Soon he added a spare parts selling section to his business as this was quite a profitable associated activity. In this, he was helped by his son Mr. Rajendra Mehta who also assisted him in collection of cash from debtors. During his service at Standard Automobiles, Mr. Mehta had come to know very well some wholesalers of service materials, such as tools, stores and spare parts. This helped him in buying such material on credit. However, most of the other purchases particularly spare parts and practically all his sales were on cash basis. Because of the relatively small extent of credit transactions, Mr. Mehta had not thought of maintaining formal accounting records, as he had felt that increases in cash balance would adequately indicate the profit earned by him. All cash received was deposited in the bank account, and expenses and payments were recorded in a notebook. Mr. Mehta occasionally experienced some difficulty in recording transactions which did not result in direct sales. For instance, when his personal car was overhauled, involving considerable use of his mechanics’ time as well as spare parts costing about Rs. 15000 he was not sure how it should be recorded. He finally decided that since the garage was owned by him no adjustments need be made for this transaction. Rapid expansion of his business compelled Mr. Mehta to hire four new assistants and two mechanics. He also recruited a part-time salesman for spare parts selling. Mr. Mehta continued to attend personally to purchases, collections and other administrative aspects of business. A small section of the workshop premises was set apart for office purposes. The office was simply furnished with a table, three chairs, a filing cabinet and also a telephone. Spare parts, stores, tools etc. , and other supplies which were formerly stored in a small room at his residence, were now stored in steel racks in a section of the workshop. Mr. Mehta soon came across and advertisement that appeared in the local newspaper. A well-known automobile company of Bombay was looking for a good automobiles service shop owner, who would be willing take up the sole selling agency of their cars and spare parts in Gujarat. Mr. Mehta applied for this agency as he was advised by his friends in business circles that such an agency would be a profitable proposition. However, he was puzzled by two conditions which were imposed in awarding this agency. According to the first condition, the agent had to obtain a certificate from his bank to the effect that a minimum balance of Rs. 500,000 was maintained in the business account. Secondly, the agent was required to send to the principal, periodic statements showing the current financial position of the business and the business results in the immediate past period. Mr. Mehta was duly assigned the sole selling agency for the Gujarat on the basis of excellent reports received by the principal from local businessmen. For fulfilling the first condition, Mr. Mehta saw Mr. Kapoor, the Bank agent. After discussions with Mr. Mehta, the Bank agent agreed to grant Mr. Mehta a further loan of Rs. 500,000. He asked Mr. Mehta, to submit a statement showing the current position of his business so that he could process the loan application. Mr. Mehta mentioned that so far he had not maintained any regular accounts. The maintenance of such records required specialized knowledge which he did not possess and he felt hiring an accountant would increase his costs which he could not afford in his competitive business situation. Mr. Kapoor said that systematic accounting records would be a necessity, if Mr. Mehta wanted to expand his business and fulfill the operational requirements like bank borrowing, credit purchases as well as legal requirements to payment of tax. The same evening Mr. Mehta saw Mr. Ashok Lal, a friend who was the Chief Accountant of a local textile mill. He expressed to Mr. Lal his desire to start keeping systematic accounting records and requested him to prepare for him a statement showing the assets and liabilities of his business. He also supplied to Mr. Lal the necessary information to enable him to prepare the required statement. Mr. Lal also explained to Mr. Mehta how a â€Å"Profit and Loss Analysis† could be prepared so that Mr. Mehta could be more accurately measure the results of his business performance. He prepared a list of various statements that Mr. Mehta should arrange to obtain periodically from his subordinates for maintaining his accounting records. Questions for consideration 1. Mr. Mehta mentioned that. i) he could not have systematic accounting records because he did not possess specialized accounting skill; and ii) keeping such records would mean increase in costs, which he could not afford. How would you respond to these comments? 2. What information would Mr. Lal require for preparing the financial statement? 3. What items would you expect to find in the statements of financial position and profit and loss analysis relating to Mr. Mehta’s business? 4. What records would Mr. Mehta require to maintain for controlling his business activities?

Discrimination Is An Interesting Concept- A Double Edged...

Too Quick To Judge Discrimination is an interesting concept- a double-edged sword. Having discriminating taste is a good thing, liking things indiscriminately is not. You should be able to decide which type of art you enjoy, what type of food, or music, but you should not be indiscriminate when sharing your thoughts online. The latter only opens you up to ridicule. We are all discriminated against constantly, in every way, every day, by sex, height and weight, color, religion and so many other things that are unconsciously noticed. The question is; when is discrimination bad, or even immoral, and how do we combat that? As the youngest of six children, I have seen many friends of my family come and go through the years. Three examples of discrimination stick out in my mind. My sister had a very close friend through high school choir who was gay. He was just sixteen when he became close with my family and in the early stages of coming to grips with his sexuality. His parents and broth er would not accept his decision. Other students from school would exclude him from activities because they, too, were brainwashed by their elders. After months passed by and his parents realized this wasn’t just a â€Å"phase he was going through,† they decided to get the church involved and perform a â€Å"gay exorcism.† Oddly enough, it was unsuccessful. He was then told to move out. My family was one of his few refuges. After years away from his family, struggling through one of the most difficultShow MoreRelatedAlcoholism as a Disability4543 Words   |  18 Pageslong as the city had a policy relative to consuming alcohol on the job and as long as the city enforced it consistently, a firing in that instance would probably stand as well. However, the city had a clear compulsion to act here, the potential double-edged sword of a disability claim or lawsuit be damned. If Mr. Blazeks vice were limited to his home and other non-work life (presuming he does not again get arrested and convicted), then the city would not have clear impetus to act. However, this wasRead MoreWomen Helping Women2559 Words   |  11 Pagesprinciples defining men and women in society. By the end of the century the separate sphere ideal had metamorphosed into a sphere linked system clearly identifying women as morally superior to men. For women however this superiority was a double-edged sword, both sides equally sharp, with one side holding the claim of political equality and its connection to governmental power which would translate into reform ideals acted upon and passed into legislation. 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Notice whether the answer demonstrates making the job â€Å"easier†. Did it make the job easier for management, as well as for the employee? Were the actions taken completely self-directed, or did they require proddingRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pages............................................................................... 12 5.1 Alphabet ....................................................................... ........................................................................ 12 5.2 Double vowels ...................................................................................................................................... 13 5.3 Syllabic nasal ..................................................................................

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 812 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Of Mice And Men Essay Did you like this example? Have you ever felt lonely or isolated from the world around you? Loneliness is a devastating feeling you can experience. In the story, Of Mice of Men loneliness is a frequent theme. Throughout the story, we see characters experience this dramatic dilemma. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Of Mice and Men Loneliness Essay" essay for you Create order Crooks is a black man who is not appreciated by the others. This caused a divide between them, so now crooks have nobody for him to: speak to, lean on and depend on. This caused crooks to feel as if he was alone. Candy is another representative of loneliness. In the story candy only friend, his dog, dies. He mopes for hours and seems to be secluded from the world. He accompanied himself with that dog, therefore, he had nobody to speak with either. Curleys wife is another example. Throughout the story, she tried to find people to speak with but was ignored and hated upon by the others. Loneliness is an experience that changes peoples lives to the most catastrophic circumstances.Crooks biggest issue was racism. The owner separated him from each other by putting him inside a barn. Feeling like an outcast, Crooks replaced his social life with books. When talking to Lenny he said that Books aint no good, and A guy needs somebody to be near him. A guy goes nuts when he aint got nobody pg 7 2. Since he was the only black within the ranch, he was treated as if he didnt deserve what the others did. With Crooks striving to make friends shows how lonely he was. It also showed us that his decisions are based on that emotion. Loneliness had a strong effect on crooks life.Candy was one of the oldest in the story that lost his right arm is in the book. He was looked down upon because of his disabilities and soon was left alone because of them. He had no family, or friends besides his champion dog that was growing old alongside him. His dog used to be a great tool, but as the dog became older, Candy realized he didnt need a helpful dog but one to accompany him. Many people disagreed with Candy keeping the dog. This ended with the dog being shot by Carlson. Because of this action Candyrs loneliness greater, or you could say that his hole for loneliness got bigger. Candy finally realized that if his dog got shot down for not being a productive worker, the same thing will happen to him. He tells George that Jus as soon as I cant swamp out no bunkhouses theyll put me on the county (Steinbeck 60). To deal with his demise of getting thrown out, Candy becomes quickly interested in George and Lenniers big dream. He offers a total of $350 towards the dream farm. This dream meant a lot to candy even after what happened to Lennie. He asked Ge orge if they could still pull off the deal. The farm is his only way to get rid of his phobia of loneliness. This loneliness gave candy a drive to achieve happiness but failed in the process, and therefore affected his decisions dramatically.Curleyrs wife was affected by the actions of those around. Her behaviour throughout the book resulted in discrimination and harassment from the workers. She was called a tramp pg 32, and other horrible names. She felt powerless and lonely. The only person that would kind of listen was Lennie. Her moments with Lennie in the barn before she died, she finally felt like she was listened to. She confessed that I don like Curley. He aint a nice fella pg 89. She only married Curly so she could get away from her mother. This shows that her whole life has been the adventure of an outcast. She never was accepted by anybody promoting the feeling of loneliness. Loneliness is a stone cold feeling that many have experienced. In the story, loneliness is almost depicted as the normal everyday life of people. The characters within the story all show how this feeling can lead their future to unfortunate events. Crooks the black man gave up on friendship and replaced them all with books. Even though books are what he got it wasnt truly what he desired. He couldnt achieve his goal of friendship because of loneliness. Candy is the old man with the dog. After his dogs death, he had nobody to interact with. He started to pursue Lennie and Georges dreams but was cut off by the end of Lennie, stopping his dreams from coming true throwing him into the deepest loneliness he has ever felt. Curleys wife throughout the story she tried to find people to speak w ith but was ignored and hated upon by the others, once somebody finally listened she ended up dying because of her search of society. Loneliness is a major experience that changes peoples lives to the most catastrophic circumstances.

Macbeth and the Witches Essay - 1011 Words

Macbeth: The Witches’ Responsibility for Macbeth’s Actions The three witches that are introduced at the beginning of the play are responsible for the introduction of the ideas that caused Duncan’s death and Macbeth’s destruction but not for Macbeth’s actions themselves. They recount to Macbeth three prophecies; that Macbeth will be: 1) Thane of Cawdor, 2) Thane of Glamis, and 3) King. Macbeth welcomes the ideas spawned from the witches’ prophecies, which is what triggered the spiral of events in this story. Macbeth eventually followed through with killing King Duncan. It was sometimes thought that the witches had the ability to reverse the natural order of things. This brings to the play the idea of fate and the role it has in the play.†¦show more content†¦Lady Macbeth is partly to blame for the manipulation and the encouragement she gave Macbeth to do her evil deeds. Lady Macbeth is shown early in the play as an ambitious woman with a single purpose. She can manipulate Macbeth easily. This is shown in t he line quot;That I may pour my spirits in thine earquot; (1.5.26). She is selfless, and wants what is best for her husband. Before the speech that Lady Macbeth gives in Act I, Scene V, Macbeth has decided not to murder Duncan. However, Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth’s self-esteem by playing on his manliness and his bravery. This convinces Macbeth to commit regicide. Her manipulation of Macbeth is like a child who is easily guided. Lady Macbeth knows this and acts on it. Although Macbeth has the final say in whether or not to go through with the murder, he loves his wife and wants to make her happy. Lady Macbeth is the dominating individual in the relationship, which is shown in her soliloquy in Act I, Scene V: The raven himself is hoarse that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements. Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me, form the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood, stop up th’ access and passage to remorse, that no compunctious visitings of nature shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between th’ effect and it! Come to my woman’s breasts, and take my milk for gall, youShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Witches In Macbeth1134 Words   |  5 Pagesplay, Macbeth, by, William Shakespeare, the witches have a significant role. They represent that some things are too good too be true and sometimes we shouldn’t try and follow everything that we hear. The witches give Macbeth many prophecies throughout the play. Macbeth listened to the things they said and it resulted in his death and his own downfall. The witches play the role in the play of, developing plot, advancing characters and setting themes. In the beginning of the play, the witches giveRead MoreThe Role Of The Witches In Macbeth1395 Words   |  6 Pages In the novel Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth is told his prophecy by the three witches, mysterious, secretive creatures, who we are left to develop our own vision of. Witches are known to represent evil, envy, and are always the villains of the story. In this novel, they are illustrated very similarly. In the beginning of the story, we learn that the witches are somehow associated with the weather, can cast spells, and like to take revenge. Macbeth pays the witches a visit to ask for hisRead MoreRole Of Witches In Macbeth1160 Words   |  5 PagesThe Wicked Witches of Scotland Throughout history, people have often fought over power and used it to dominate others. There are many forms of power such as physical strength, knowledge, wealth, possessions, and fear. These are simple, mundane powers that people can wield. However, in many religions and some superstitions, people believe in beings who possess supernatural powers. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth there are such beings, more specifically witches, who have many paranormal capabilitiesRead MoreThe Role Of The Witches In Macbeth735 Words   |  3 Pages In the play Macbeth the three witches managed to change the future to what they had predicted. Other types of fantasy also played a role in making the tragic ending. These sorts of witchcraft or in other words magic made the play what it is and conveyed character such as Macbeth to do and think of certain things. The witches played a huge role in the story of Macbeth and made him become who he ends up as. Macbeth was a very honorable knight that served king Duncan till his last breath. He didRead MoreFate : Witches Or Macbeth?1039 Words   |  5 PagesCayde Hamilton Ms. Crowe English IV 11 December 2015 Fate: Witches or Macbeth? Many people in this world would argue that every one has free will, that the choices they make will determine their path in life, but some would argue that everything comes down to fate. People who believe solely on fate believe that their future is already determined, and they can do nothing to change it. According to Oxford Dictionaries, fate is the development of events beyond a person s control, regardedRead MoreMacbeth - the Importance of the Witches1078 Words   |  5 PagesThe witches in Macbeth are very important in the plot and develop certain aspects of the play. They make greater the theatrical experience with images of darkness, thunder and lightning that make Macbeth the tragedy it is. Their actions also add to the play, dancing round the cauldron and chanting ‘Double, doubleÂ…. Their appearance as ‘dark hags adds mystery to the play. The witches also add a sense of evil and of the supernatural. Their chanting, ‘Double, double, toil and trouble: Fire burnRead MoreWitches Role in Macbeth2482 Words   |  10 Pagesthe powers of witches, and witchcraft became the object of morbid and fevered fascination. Between 1560 and 1605 hundreds of people (mainly women) were convicted as witches and executed. Witches were credited with diabolical powers. They could predict the future, bring on night in daytime, cause fogs and tempests and kill animals. They cursed animals with fatal wasting disease and could raise evil spirits by concocting a horrible brew with nauseating ingredients. It was believed witches allowed theRead MoreRole of the Witches in Macbeth1040 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play about morals and how people can be easily influenced. The audience at the time when the play was written were more superstitious than we are. They believed in witches and thought that they were the devils disciples. They were believed to be able to control the weather, blamed many things, such as outbreaks of disease on them. The first people to meet the Witches are Banquo and Macbeth. They find the witches appearance is vile. We can see this as Banquo says that â€Å"(they) look notRead MoreEffect Of The Witches In Macbeth739 Words   |  3 PagesHow do the witches affect the actions of Macbeth? Macduff enters Holding Macbeths Lifeless head. â€Å"Hail King of Scotland!†, Cheer the people. How did it get to this? How did a soft-hearted and honest noble like Macbeth get into this position? The quick and easy answer is that it was the work of the three witches. At the beginning of the play, the three witches gave Macbeth and Banquo prophecies; Macbeth will be king, thane of Cawdor, and be thane of Glamis. They also said that Banquo’s sons willRead More The Witches in MacBeth Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesThe Witches in MacBeth      Ã‚   Shakespeare utilized many sources of information when writing his plays.   One of his sources for the witches in MacBeth was almost certainly Reginald Scots The Discoverie of Witchcraft, published in 1584.   In his book, Scot refuted many of the common notions regarding witches and their powers; nevertheless, the book created a basic outline for the typical witch, including physical descriptions and abilities.   The witches in MacBeth are representations of

Climate Change And Economic Policy Free Essays

string(208) " affected by the hypothesised changes to temperature for standards of living, but the changes may affect agricultural output and goods demanded by countries importing \(supporting\) clean production methods\." Climate change is defined as â€Å"Change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods†(Bruno and Mehmet 2010). Modern methods of production create greenhouse gasses as a negative externality via the market failure and government intervention is needed to rectify the situation. Climate change is an issue for the Australian government as it needs to intervene to correct the market failure caused by the free markets inability to provide property rights to mitigate damages caused by the negative externality. We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change And Economic Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Calhoun 2010) The greenhouse gas externality is a by-product of the production of goods and services via the over-production of emissions. Dr Peter John Wood argues that† climate change is an indisputable threat† and on that basis, as well as the world stage Australia has taken the reins in acting upon climate change. An externality is defined as† are the unintended consequence of one economic agent’s economic activity that affect another agent’s economic activity, but which are not adequately priced through the market (Sonia and Jeff 2011)†. This is also known as market failure and requires government intervention to be able to rectify the problem due to a lack of property rights and correct mitigation for parties involved with the transaction. In this case, one form of the market failure is because the cost of CO2 is not factored into the transaction price. The Gillard government continued a legacy that was started with the Howard government back in 2007 that saw a Carbon Emissions Trading scheme take part in the Australian government to tackle Australia’s greenhouse gas emissions (Chris 2011). The Carbon tax was implemented on June 1st 2012 and has been controversial amongst politicians and economists alike according to Clive’s article â€Å"Australia’s Carbon Tax: A Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing†. The steps taken to implement a policy should be understood first before critiquing from different viewpoints. The four major points of policymaking are: 1. Specify the goals of policy 2. Identify the targets 3. Specify the policy instruments 4. Model the economy linking the instruments to the targets Using this framework, the goal’s of the policy are to mitigate damages caused by the production of greenhouse gasses on the (global) environment on a national scale and decrease the amount of pollution via increasing the price of polluting. The targets of the policy are the agents involved (Firms producing pollution, environment and households) with the transactions. Firms are the largest creators of the pollution and the households are directly affected by price increases, therefore their welfare post-tax needs to be considered in a socially acceptable policy. The policy instruments include subsidies to the households most affected by the increases in prices of amenities as well as the Pigovian Tax on polluting (Energy 2012). Lastly, the model that directly links the economy to the instruments proposed can be shown below. Tax brings the externality into equilibrium with the social cost. The amount of gain to the social benefit is the darker area and is also the taxation revenue collected on behalf of the government. This also decreases output by the difference in Original output-New output. This can also be shown on a Supply and Demand graph. The graph to the right illustrates the effectiveness of the tax on the existing market price and therefore reducing the quantity of pollution emitted. This tax is directly placed on the top 500 polluting firms in Australia which account for the majority of the pollution via production. The Department for Climate Change and Efficient Energy published their â€Å"Forth Assessment Report† outlining that â€Å"There is clear evidence that our climate is changing, largely due to human activities†. One can infer that the government is acting morally and taking partial responsibility for these human activities, hence action for change and mitigation. Market failure is defined as the inability of the market being able to deliver an efficient level of goods and or services (Calhoun 2010). This is an important aspect when determining what aspects of a policy are vital in addressing the issue at hand, because the situation of pollution is a non-Pareto optimal situation due to the negative externalities created in the transaction between agents. The government’s intervention due to the market failing is justified by its role in the G8, Kyoto Protocol and its response to the public on the matter (â€Å"Australia to have leading role in carbon mitigation† 2007). Another reason is that property rights are not defined clearly with the environment, therefore the government intervention to make the Marginal Social Cost equal the Marginal Social Cost via a Pigovian tax, decreasing the amount of negative externality produced (greenhouse gasses).(Bruno and Mehmet 2010) Macro-economically speaking, this issue impacts both Australia’s macroeconomic goal of efficient resource allocation and sustainable economic growth. Due to high public opinion on green alternatives and clean production, changes in consumer preferences will mean that some goods and services provided using traditional fossil fuels or unsustainable methods may be boy-cotted or fall second preference to ‘green goods’(Kathleen 2012) The Efficient resource allocation goal of Australia addresses â€Å"†¦where resources are allocated in the most efficient manner†(Weng 2008). The environment is a common resource and traditionally has not been defined to any specific owner. Firms may utilise the environment (clean air, sunshine and or clean water) as a factor of production, examples may include Personal Trainers or tour guides. With a market failure existing, it renders the goal incomplete as there is an excess of pollution and undersupply of environment as it is a rival good. Either the polluters must reduce their output of pollution or they must mitigate the affected agents. This causes a problem in the regard, whom is affected by the pollution and by how much does the affected agents need to be mitigated for. Sustainable economic growth in the long term is impacted by climate change. Not only will Australia be affected by the hypothesised changes to temperature for standards of living, but the changes may affect agricultural output and goods demanded by countries importing (supporting) clean production methods. You read "Climate Change And Economic Policy" in category "Papers" Australia, by implementing policy change enables the economy to be in a better position to respond to act with funds allocated via the policy impact (â€Å"Australia: Australia Prepares for Carbon Tax† 2012). Comparing the current Carbon Tax (Clean Energy Bill) to alternatives that have been proposed such as Carbon Trading Schemes and Subsidies for Clean Investment have both advantages and disadvantages (Calhoun 2010). Australia’s Carbon Tax initially is a fixed price of $23 per Metric Tonne of Carbon Dioxide emitted from the top 500 polluting companies in Australia(Harris 2012). This in its simplicity is a Pigovian Tax, which is used to deter consumption/production of a good or service that causes the negative externality. Simultaneously the Indirect tax signals the taxed firms that they should spend investment capital on ways to lower their output of CO2 emissions (Carrie 2011). Pigovian taxes are designed to increase the price of the good that causes the negative externality by the amount that best reflects the cost to society in the production of the good which will internalise the effects of the externality (Carrie 2011). Examples of these in Australian society include the Alco-Pop tax and tobacco tax. In the case of the Carbon Tax, the good being taxed is pollution and the parties being mitigated are the Australian government on behalf of the environment in which it is representing, in effect the environment is gaining property rights in this explanation. The Pigovian tax, when applied will cause a reduction in the level of pollution due to the cost added. This will vary from firm to firm due to the elasticity of the cost to pollute. It is safe to assume that all firms are elastic with pollution expenses; therefore the economics of the tax are sound. Pigovian taxes have been praised for their simplistic approach to combating both losses of competitiveness due to inefficient methods of production and on goods themselves which are non-essential for consumption when viable substitutes are available according to Harris’s economic survey in 2012. Examples include using solar power on mine sites instead of Gas or Coal power. Pigovian Taxes however are not ideal in the case of Carbon Leakage, whereby firms choose to produce their goods offshore in countries that are not yet or not participating in Carbon Reduction. It reduces Australia’s carbon footprint, however the loss of production in Australia mean relative to before the tax, there is a reduction in output. (Dellaware 2011). By contrasting these to alternative methods to combat climate change such as an Emissions Trading Scheme (Cap and Trade) or the Carbon Offset system. All theoretically are able to reduce the level of the negative externality, however they all have different dynamics to each other and need to be applied using the framework aforementioned in the essay. The Cap and Trade system allows for the Coasian Bargaining of the right to emit greenhouse gasses as part of production of a firm. These permits would be of a set supply, and would limit firms to a ‘cap’ of pollution. These would be traded in the open market meaning that the market subject to demand and elasticity by a firm, determines the price of the permit. This would encourage firms to innovate and reduce the number of permits needed to produce, or be more efficient with the given quota of pollution per year.(Kathleen 2012) Advantages of the Cap and Trade system mean that the total level of greenhouse gases are controlled, IE a set amount per year meaning that it is easier to attain goals from the Kyoto Protocol. International trading markets are also proposed and feasible meaning that there is greater competition for permits which leads to more efficiency domestically. Firms that are unable to compete or innovate into cleaner greener methods are either absorbed by larger more efficient and environmentally viable companies or liquidate, meaning less pollution output. Another advantage is that there is little regulation and or further government attention required to maintain the Cap and Trade system. Because the market forces determine prices between firms, the need for a middle man is removed. Comparing this to a Carbon Tax, where constant auditing, monitoring and enforcement is both time consuming and expensive from a tax payers perspective. Comparing the two graphically below show the changes in price and quantity in the strict control of either supply of increase of price. The Carbon tax is indirect, it controls the price movements, which affect the quantity, and the Cap and Trade system controls the supply, which then determines the price. The biggest disadvantage to not controlling the price of pollution as oppose to the quantity is that it does not promote efficient investment on clean alternatives to production and instead causes prices to rise of the permits, allowing larger companies to purchase the right to continue polluting and drive out smaller less profitable companies, provided they can’t sustain operation by selling excess permits to excessive polluters. Graphically, they yield the same result however; Clive argues that the amount of red tape needed to maintain the Cap and Trade System is not viable. Introducing the Carbon Offset scheme, means that carbon offsets are purchased which in turn mitigates the marginal private cost of the firm to equilibrium level. Firms can only pollute according to their offset amount and has been successful in Europe with 5.5 Billion dollars of offsets traded according to Bruno and Mehmet’s paper on Governance and the Carbon impact. Advantages exist in the offset scheme whereby it guarantee’s firms to take positive action/investment due to money spent on offsets directly in the form of buying credits from firms specific for reducing pollution and or investment on re-forestation and cleaner methods of production. Other arguments exist stating that having a Cap of pollution will force in-efficient firms to find the lowest cost method to reduce their pollution. Again, like any alternative to the Carbon Tax, much more bureaucratic procedures, monitoring costs and governing bodies are required to manage such a proposal (Oh 2007). 1. Similarities exist between the two policy options in that both require a base measured level of pollution to which caps and prices can be compared 1. Both systems will generate revenue via the increase of the Marginal Private cost which can be distributed via the governing body. 1. Both systems will require a governing body to standardise and monitor activities to be equitable (International-Emissions-Trading-Association 2011) Using this information, the policies will affect different groups of individuals differently. The Carbon Tax will have some impact on households, but greater on the top 500 firms. Understanding how it will affect each party will enable a better understanding of the Pareto Efficiency concept. Households under the Carbon Tax will be charged more for amenities and certain activities such as air travel. Using the graph below it is clear that electricity is the largest producer of greenhouse gases and will have the largest impact via the tax. increase of costs of using electricity, any household that earns less than 80,000 dollars a year will benefit from subsidies and household assistance packages from the Liberal Government (Energy 2012).Households will also gain in subsidies and other cleaner initiatives from the government via the revenue collected from the tax which will increase their standard of living, proposed by the new energy reforms(Energy 2012). Linking back to Figure 1, the gains in Social Benefit are the largest gains that the households have, which economically speaking should be a new Pareto optimum specific to householders. Firms on the other hand, if subjected to the tax will have an increase in costs relative to the $23 per metric tonne of CO2 emitted. There is also the added cost of administration fees and loss of investment due to higher costs. Other costs that may be included are changes in capital. Pigovian taxes are aimed to have a distortion effect, decreasing the amount of CO2 emitted, changing what firms use to produce and furthermore where future capital investment may be directed (Bruno and Mehmet 2010). Firms from the impact of a Cap and Trade system will be partaking in Coasian Bargaining. This system has been used in the European Union and has shown dramatic decreases in the levels of CO2 by firms (International-Emissions-Trading-Association 2011). Due to the nature of the market, firms will bid and enter a price war against each other that will drive firms to have the lowest operating cost to save on purchasing permits. Firms that do not use the entire permit’s quota are able to bid off their remaining excess to firms whom can afford to pollute, or can’t afford to innovate into cleaner methods of production. Production, if the firm is pollutant dependant will be affected due to a rise in fixed and variable costs and may decrease output (Gilbert 2007). If the firm is not heavily reliant on pollution, it will see increases in its profits due to the revenue gained from trading the permits. The Cap and Trade system promotes production efficiency according to Gilbert Metcalfe’s proposal for a US Cap Swap in those methods that reduce CO2 output cost less via the tariffs placed. The Cap and Trade system from a household’s perspective will be similar to that of the carbon tax, however a time lag may be present due to firms having a time period in which they can allocate their pollution as opposed to an indirect tax. Each policy suggestion from an economic perspective has its own merits and weaknesses and need to be considered when creating a policy that affects both households and firms. The policy must be fair, equitable and efficient to all parties involved. By comparing the implemented Carbon Tax with the feasible alternative, the Cap and Trade system, the different viewpoints of firms and households are understood. How to cite Climate Change And Economic Policy, Papers

Effects of Emotional Intelligence Free Samples for Students

Question: Demonstrate the skills and knowledge needed to promote the development of Emotional Intelligence in others and use others Emotional Strengths and Weaknesses to maximise workplace outcomes. Answer: I was being appointed as a training coach and for the emotional guide for the employers for their training, quality and the development performances and to groom them when and wherever required. Coaching to the employers for their performance is one of the important part for the management of the company. The employees while performing towards their job who faces some traumatic situations, financial issues or any family disruption due to any or the other issues. I was being allowed to interrogate Pat, a super performer of the company for its deterioration from the performances. Pat describes his performance in terms of high quality. He said he was very happy in his job. He was very much involved in his job. He maintained regularity, punctuatility and full attendance of the month without any delay or late comings. He was rater too punctual that he used to attend the office prior to the time than being late. Pat explained his personal situation to be the disastrous ones, as he faced a huge loss in his family. He lost his wife and his child recently due to a car accident. He was very much dedicated towards his family as well. After the shift end, he nerve used to stay back at the office for any work, he was very scheduled in his daily work in his office as well as in his home. He loved his wife very much. The loss of a very special and close person was very much painful for him and considered as an intolerable pain for him that is dragging him from the concentration in his job, which is creating a negative impulse towards the company, the managers, the sales team even the customers who were dependent on him. The entire system of the circle was getting affected due to the psychological issue that is being faced by Pat. While asking him about the job satisfaction, he was overwhelmed towards the company as they were proving him with the ample of support, salary and the satisfaction towards his job. He was absolutely satisfied with the job that is allotted to him, in the field of sasles and marketing that he always had to deal the customers with the proper affection, friendliness and respect. Emotional Intelligence can be explained with the help of few models out of which, the ability model is considered to the one of the important and famous one. Pats emotional intelligence was being described by the help of the ability model. Listening skills and the empathy are considered to be the most important part in the EI. Empathy is considered to the one in which the emotions of the other people. Being a coach to the company and psychologist, listening to Pats issues and solving it, based on listening and showing empathy towards the issues faced by him. Pats strength consists of his excessive polite and friendly behavior to the customers during the service of the sale and the after sales as well. He was considered to the dedicated performer with the selling skills. He was the dedicated sales man with all the certain qualities that is required for maintain a proper image for his performance. His present weakness lies in the emotional phase that he is facing due to the loss in his family. While proving the empathy to Pat, it was clear that he was broken down emotionally and psychologically that he need to overcome the trauma and to join the work with his stable performance. I, being the coach explained him the necessity of the performance in the job and the performance of Pat is also vital for the overall performance of the company. The personal, professional and team goals are- Focus on the dedication of the work Concentrate on the process of selling Maintaining the politeness with the customer Keeping the entire worries and the feeling for the loss of the family and to concentrate on the performance towards the work can help in the diversion of the concentration Pat have committed that he will be focusing on his entire work by setting up his worries and to dedicate and concentrate on his job. He have committed that he will be maintaining his performance like before and will add more feather on the performance. He also committed that he will be performing hard in spite of the traumatic behavior. Bibliography: Berg, M. E., Berg, M. E., Karlsen, J. T., Karlsen, J. T. (2016). A study of coaching leadership style practice in projects.Management Research Review,39(9), 1122-1142. Ciarrochi, J., Mayer, J. D. (2013).Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner's guide. Psychology Press. Dong, Y., Seo, M. G., Bartol, K. M. (2014). No pain, no gain: An affect-based model of developmental job experience and the buffering effects of emotional intelligence.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), 1056-1077. Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., Sala, F. (2013).Linking emotional intelligence and performance at work: Current research evidence with individuals and groups. Psychology Press. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013).Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press.