Saturday, August 31, 2019

Amanda and Laura in Scene Essay

The second scene of Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is mainly about the relationship between Amanda and her daughter Laura. Williams uses every way possible to give the audience an idea of this relationship, from body language, stage directions and language, to the set, clothes and props. Throughout the play, Williams uses images set against screens to accentuate the mood, or theme, of the upcoming scene. The image presented at the start of this scene is â€Å"blue roses†, this being the nickname Laura was given at school by a boy she was fond of – â€Å"When I had that attack of pleurosis – he asked me what was the matter when I came back. I said pleurosis – he thought that I said Blue Roses!† Ironically, blue roses is more than just a name for Laura – she is portrayed as a rose, pure, innocent and delicate, and the adjective blue gives the impression of coldness, which could be linked to Laura’s sad and lonely state. Laura’s mental and physical state is central to Amanda and Laura’s relationship, as it is through this that difficulties arise (although it is quite likely that Amanda would always be a rather demanding mother). Laura is crippled – we are given the impression that it isn’t particularly serious, but conversely, nothing to be brushed lightly aside either. Amanda’s inability to accept this fact creates a tension between not only Amanda and her daughter, but Tom as well – who feels he has to protect Laura from her mother’s â€Å"ambitions† for her. It is important to realise that Amanda does know her daughter is crippled, but just cannot accept the fact that this disability could have a very real negative effect on her daughter’s life. At the end of Scene 2, Amanda sums up her feelings towards Laura’s problem when she says â€Å"Nonsense! Laura, I’ve told you never, never to use that word. Why, you’re not crippled, you just have a little defect – hardly noticeable even!† Here we can see that Amanda is convincing herself that all she is really doing is being supportive to her daughter, trying to make Laura feel better – but in reality, she is unable to face the fact that her daughter isn’t as physically attractive as Amanda was at the same age. This all comes down to one of the underlying themes of the play – a mother trying to live her life once more through her daughter – and Amanda must eventually come to realise that Laura is a completely different person. An important part of this scene is that, through the screenplay between Amanda and Laura, we see that these two characters are very different – there is a total contrast between mother and daughter. This is a common trick of playwrights, although usually the main characters aren’t contrasted quite so obviously – in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, the characters Benvolio and Tybalt were contrasted excellently, one a natural peacemaker and the other a warmonger. Here, Amanda is dramatic, determined, dominant and self-assured – on the outside at least – whilst Laura is shy, quiet, insecure and nervous. Laura seems afraid to become involved in real-life situations, and is much more at home with her glass menagerie and music. Amanda appears to lead a busy life, which some might think she is happy with – but she is actually living a shadow of her former existence. She came from a rich and successful family, and now lives in a â€Å"vast hive-like cellular living unit† as Williams describes her building. She is constantly living in the past and referring to her suitors, tangled up in the biggest mistake – as she sees it – that she ever made, which was to marry Tom and Laura’s father. With little left of her former â€Å"glory†, Amanda is desperate for her daughter to make the right choice this time, to escape the trap she found herself in. This is why she refuses to accept that her daughter has a defect, she sees Laura as her last chance at success. This is perhaps best shown in the passage beginning â€Å"So what are we going to do with the rest of our lives?† Throughout this passage, Amanda refers to â€Å"we† instead of you – here she really is showing her true colours, that she can only live her life fully if Laura is successful.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Blackberry Strategy

BlackBerry’s strategy to gain market share in the mainstream market and The use of promotions to achieve its goals Team JMARCS Bozak, Dasgupta, Feng, Kumar, Sharma, Tu SET: 1G  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   MKTG-1102  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instructor: Don Linder  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   October, 22, 09 Introduction: Research In Motion (RIM) is a leading designer, manufacturer and marketer of innovative wireless solutions for the worldwide mobile communications market. (Reseach In Motion) RIM was founded in 1984. RIM now has offices in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. BlackBerry is a line of wireless handheld devices that was introduced in 1999 as a two-way pager. In 2002, BlackBerry was released, which supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging, internet faxing, web browsing and other wireless information services. It delivers information over the wireless data networks of mobile phone service companies. BlackBerry holds the world's second highest market share in the smart phone platform, capturing 21% of worldwide smart phone sales in Q2, 2009. On 30 May 2009, RIM announced the number of BlackBerry subscribers has reached approximately 28. 5 million. (Wikipedia) BlackBerry’s competitor Apple introduced the iPhone in 2007 which was named the Invention of the Year by Time Magazine. Apple iPhone is growing at a very impressive rate and with introduction of iPhone 3GS, Apple looks all set to overtake RIM by mid of 2010 and become number two player in smart phone market. Analysts were saying that RIM is unlikely to maintain its over 50% share in North America due to growing competition from Apple, Motorola, and Palm, among others. (Wikipedia) Problem: How does RIM gain market share in the consumer smart phone market? Key Findings: Consumer behaviour Two types of users for smart phone customers: ? Enterprise customers- BlackBerry was a â€Å"company decision†. ? Non-Enterprise customers- BlackBerry was a â€Å"personal decision†. †¢ According to Canalys Research, touchscreens became the preferred interface, representing 40% of all shipments. Upon recognizing Apple’s success with the iPhone touch screen interface, R IM introduced its own touch screen device called BlackBerry Storm in end of 2008. (Canalys Research) †¢ According to Canalys Research, Smart phones have been opposing the industry norm, with shipments growing despite the global recession. Canalys Research) Company information †¢ An aggressive â€Å"buy-one-get-one† promotion by Verizon Wireless helped RIM’s BlackBerry Curve move past Apple’s iPhone to become the best-selling consumer smartphone in the U. S. in the first quarter (Q1) of 2009. (NPD Group) †¢ iPhone is exclusive to major carriers such as AT (in US), Rogers and Fido (in Canada) and O2, T-Mobile, Vodaphone (in Europe) and many smaller carriers around the world. †¢ Verizon and Vodafone are heavy promoters of BlackBerry. †¢ Palm exclusive to Sprint until 2010. †¢ RIM has successfully expanded its product portfolio to include a wide election of devices and interfaces that appeal to a range of customers at different price po ints. Market Share †¢ The battle between iPhone and BlackBerry is over the Non-Enterprise market, as the users of smartphones are increasing in this segment. †¢ RIM’s consumer smartphone market share increased 15 percent to nearly 50 percent of the smartphone market in US in Q1 2009 versus the prior quarter, as Apple’s and Palm’s share both declined 10 percent each. (NPD Group) †¢ According to NPD’s â€Å"Smartphone Market Update† report, U. S. consumer sales of smartphone handsets in first-quarter, 2009, ranked in the following order: 1. RIM BlackBerry Curve (all 83XX models); 2. Apple iPhone 3G (all models); 3. RIM BlackBerry Storm; 4. RIM BlackBerry Pearl (all models, except flip); 5. T-Mobile G1. (NPD Group) †¢ According to Gartner’s research, the smartphone sales grew 27 percent during the period. In smartphones Nokia came in top but their market share dropped from 47. 4 percent in Q2 2008 to 45 percent in Q2 2009. RIM saw 1. 4 percent jump in market share, which brought their number to 18. 7 percent. Apple saw the biggest jump from 2. 8 percent in 2008 to 13. 3 percent in Q2 2009. (Gartner) Gartner says â€Å"Apple’s expansion into a larger number of countries in the past year has produced a clear effect on sales volumes, as have the recent price adjustments on 8GB 3G iPhone. † (Gartner) Assumptions: RIM has the necessary financial resources or the means by which to promote its product. RIM also needs to have enough financial reserves to absorb lower profits due to aggressive promotions . SWOT Analysis: We have quotes from our research accompanying the statements below. These quotes are designed to further illustrate the meaning of the statements. Strengths Global prominence and financial stability of the BlackBerry brand in North America provides a strong platform for product innovation. â€Å"Over 35 percent of 2007 revenues were from global sales outside North America. Between 2001 and 2007, the company grew its workforce from about 1250 employees to more than 7000 employees. † (Grewal, 2009) †¢ RIM's BlackBerry offers a varied set of products to identify the needs of the different segments of users. RIM has a strong line up of smart phones such BlackBerry Curve and BlackBerry Pearle with the popular QWERTY keyboard. The new series include clean and sharp BlackBerry Bold and BlackBerry Storm. RIM has also introduced BlackBerry App World where you can download and purchase apps from a smart phone. So far RIM has established a strong base with professional users because of their product's functionality and security. â€Å"Storm, the new BlackBerry is among RIM's strongest moves so far to appeal to the increasing number of consumers opting for multimedia phones, a market that is increasingly turning to touch-screen devices for their ease of use. † (The Wall Street Journal) †¢ BlackBerry carries a range of reasonably priced products which gives their customers the most selection in the smart phone market. Our checks show AT store reps appear poised to recommend BlackBerry to shoppers deterred by iPhone’s $599 (U. S. ) price tag,† (The Globe and Mail) †¢ RIM's strength in the smart phone market is its impressively sized distribution network to provide products and services to the consumer. â€Å"Retail consumers and corporate clients can buy the BlackBerry from more than 500 carriers and distribution partners in about 170 countries around the world. † (Leader-Post) Weaknesses †¢ RIM has a weak entertainment platform for its product compared to its biggest rival: Apple, which specializes in consumer friendly multimedia device. Below, we have a recent quote from BlackBerry CEO Jim Balsille, who emphasizes the company's need to focus on the non-enterprise market. â€Å"As we head into the third quarter we look forward to gaining traction with BlackBerry services in new market segments to drive the next leg of growth for the company,† (Perez) †¢ BlackBerry is weaker brand compared to Apple and Nokia in the consumer sector. They have only recently started to promote their product for the mainstream consumer. †¢ â€Å"The company expects to ship between 9. 2 million and 9. million BlackBerry smartphones next quarter, as it prepares for follow-ups to popular devices such as the Storm and Bold. But some analysts expressed concern over its push to the mainstream because it would mean that RIM would be competing more directly with its consumer-friendly rivals. † (Perez) †¢ Due to the relatively higher prices of BlackBerry products, it has a harder time competing in emerging markets. â⠂¬Å"Nokia has a strong presence in the low-cost part of the market. And it's likely that the company will continue to maintain strength here, leveraging its massive scale to keep costs low. (Reardon) Opportunities †¢ Consumers are more receptive to purchasing media online. This has a created a market that Apple has capitalized on with its services like iTunes and Apple App Store. RIM has recently introduced their own app store which has so far received positive reviews. â€Å"RIM's app storefront will be key to the firm's long-term success. Just as Apple's App Store and iTunes drive sales of the company's hardware, App World—which has received generally positive reviews—must be attractive enough to lure users away from the other smartphones on the market. † (Gibbs) Due to increased globalization and consumer acceptance of new technology, consumers around the world are ordering smart phones from their local carriers. This opens new markets for RIM to expand in. Despite global recession, the demand for smart phones grew as there was a 27 percent increase from Q2 2008 to Q2 2009. Threats †¢ Growing competition from Apple, Nokia, HTC, and Palm among others. Apple is expanding into a large number of countries while lowering their prices which is increasing their sales volume significantly. Nokia is the largest smart phone provider with ample capital to develop their technology and products. But as the iPhone and other rivals expand their reach, RIM could find itself fighting for previously uncontested territory. † (Leader-Post) †¢ The world economy is going through a downturn. This has inevitably changed the consumer behaviour towards higher end devices. â€Å"The current economic climate is negatively impacting sales of higher end devices,† (Gartner) †¢ RIM is susceptible to lawsuits because it holds countless patents for its products and its immense success makes it a target for patent holding companies like N TP. â€Å"On March 3, 2006, RIM announced that it had settled its BlackBerry patent dispute with NTP. Under the terms of the settlement, RIM has agreed to pay NTP US$612. 5 million in a â€Å"full and final settlement of all claims. † (Reardon) Competitive Analysis: In the global smart phone market, Apple is growing exponentially with market share increasing from 2. 8% to 13. 3%. RIM has a gradual increase in market share of 1. 4%, which brought their number to 18. 7%. Nokia, the top manufacturer of smart phone is lagging behind with market share dropping from 47. 4% to 45%. Nokia is more affordable and is very prominent around the world especially in the emerging markets such as India and China. They lso have a strong base with medium to lower income consumers. Because of the lower price point, they provide limited functionality compared to its counterparts. BlackBerry appeals to a vast customer base and its market is separated by products rather than income. The financially sensitive customers are more accepting of products such as BlackBerry Curve and BlackBerry Pearl. In t his segment, RIM competes directly with Nokia’s smart phones. This increases the popularity and brand recognition of RIM. RIM also invests heavily towards Research and Development to create superior products for satisfying the demands of higher end consumers. This customer base is more accepting of higher priced products because of their superior quality. This increases the margin RIM enjoys compared to Nokia. Apple’s iPhone and RIM’s BlackBerry Storm/Bold are in the same price range. However, RIM has a varied portfolio of products that range from $100-$500 US dollars. BlackBerry Storm and iPhone 3G are very similar products that share features such as touch screen interface and 3G software and hardware capabilities. Palm, Motorola, HTC and others are very limited in their market share. Their products are usually cheaper compared to RIM and Apple with inferior quality. Examples of the inferior quality will be no built-in Wi-Fi and low-resolution cameras. Unlike RIM and Apple, these companies use third party software such as Windows Mobile which has garnered negative reviews. According to a survey by CFI group, it showed that Windows Mobile users had a low level of customer satisfaction when compared to users of other smart phones. Out of a possible 100 points, Windows Mobile rated only 66, compared with BlackBerry (73), Google Android (77), and iPhone (83). This corresponds with the decrease in Windows Mobile's share of the Smartphone market by 2. % in 2009. (Wikipedia) Target Market: Our target market for the problem is the entertainment-focused users who range in age from mid-teens to early 30s. They see a mobile device as a lifestyle choice, and they're willing to pay extra for a device that'll help keep them entertained. This group will use the device for things like multimedia entertainment, social messaging, and gaming. Our target group needs to be relatively affluent with disposable income; therefore, they will likely be based in developed continents such as North America, Europe and Australia. RECOMMENDATIONS: Alternative 1: â€Å"We gain market share in the consumer smart phone market by lowering the price of BlackBerry Storm and BlackBerry Bold. The price of the Storm and Bold series will be lowered by $50 in an effort to increase sales by 25%. † Advantages: 1. Lowering the price of BlackBerry Storm and BlackBerry Bold will be a strong incentive for mainstream consumers to choose those products over BlackBerry's competitors. 2. As lowering the price will make the products more affordable, new users and carriers from other countries will adopt BlackBerry products. . Lowering the price of BlackBerry Storm and BlackBerry Bold will not only bring in users from the established mainstream consumer base but also new users who are transitioning to smart phones from handsets. This will create a greater awareness of BlackBerry products. BlackBerry could use this recognition to introduce new products. Disadvantages: 1. A part of the customer base might assume the decrease in price will correlate with a decrease in quality. Therefore, they might avoid buying lower priced BlackBerry products. 2. Competitors might lower their price to compete with BlackBerry which will create minimal additional revenue from new customers. The already decreased profit margin from lowered price combined with minimal increase in revenue will decrease profits. 3. RIM might lose money by over producing BlackBerry Bold and BlackBerry Storm as its sales forecast didn’t meet actual customer demand. They might lose customers and harm their brand by under producing the products as their supply won’t be enough to meet the demands of the customers. This will generate anger and dissatisfaction towards RIM. Alternative 2: We gain market share by offering diverse products targeted to specified segments of consumers (niche marketing). † Advantages: 1. RIM will create new market segments (market segmentation) that will correspond with the needs of specific demographic of consumers. 2. RIM will attract more consumers with the larger line up of products and services. This will be able to exp and their brand name. 3. RIM will have greater margins with these targeted products as customers are willing to pay more for products that are more in sync with their needs. The increased margins will increase the profits. Disadvantages: 1. Introducing new products involves a significant investment in start up for Research and Development. Niche markets are usually much smaller than the mainstream market and therefore it will be harder for RIM to sell enough BlackBerry devices to recuperate its initial investment. 2. Consumers may not be interested in the new products. Keeping in mind the current economic conditions, consumers might delay their purchase of luxury products like a BlackBerry. They might also continue with traditional alternatives like handsets to meet their needs. 3. It will dilute the brand. BlackBerry already has an established brand that their customers identify with. Expanding the product base rapidly will confuse customers about BlackBerry products and negatively affects sales of their bestsellers such as: BlackBerry Storm, Bold, and Curve. Alternative 3: â€Å"We gain market share by increasing advertisements on TV and internet which would increase our brand recognition. † Advantages: 1. With unique and creative marketing campaigns, RIM’s products will be more recognizable compared to its competitors such as Apple and Nokia. RIM will gain market share by getting its competitors customers as well as attracting new customers switching to smart phones. 2. A successful advertising campaign will retain encourage brand loyalty from RIM's existing customers. These customers might choose RIM's product in the future because of their comfort level with the BlackBerry brand. 3. It will attract new customers by detailing the merit of RIM's products over its competitors. Disadvantages: 1. RIM’s campaign might be ineffective because of the oversaturation of advertising campaigns from the different smart phone manufacturers. 2. Increased advertising does not necessarily result in increased sales. RIM might spend excessive amounts on promoting their products which may not be successful and hurt their bottom line. 3. Self-destructive advertising might alienate a portion of their existing customer base. An example would be: RIM's spokesperson (celebrity/athlete) commits a crime. In this case RIM's image might be tarnished by association to the person. Solution: Problem: How does RIM gain market share in the consumer smart phone market? Alternative 3: â€Å"We gain market share by increasing advertisements on TV and internet which would increase our brand recognition. We believe this solution is most likely to succeed and deliver results. For the near term, RIM will follow Apple’s example and attempt to meet the functional and psychological needs of consumers. An example of meeting a psychological need would be to primarily use BlackBerry products as a fashion statement or a status symbol over its inten ded purpose. This is only possible by extensive promotion in order to make the BlackBerry the â€Å"it† brand among the mainstream consumer. BlackBerry has a more diverse selection of products compared to Apple and Nokia. It should capitalize this strength by advertising the benefits of its products to the consumer segments. Promotions will bring in new customers. In future, these new customers might upgrade to other BlackBerry devices. They will also spread the word about BlackBerry creating goodwill and admiration for the brand. Advertising also has a long term goal in mind which is to grow the BlackBerry brand worldwide for years to come. Implementation Plan: Step 1: Divide the consumer base into manageable market segments. Step 2: Target a segment to pursue. Step 3: Determine how BlackBerry would be positioned in the segment. Step 4: Our marketing objective will be to gain share in our segment. Step 5: Communicate the value of the BlackBerry through the use of television, magazines and the Internet. Step 6: We will evaluate our performance and make adjustments for an improved process. Plan B: Problem: How does RIM gain market share in the consumer smart phone market? Alternative 1: â€Å"We gain market share in the consumer smart phone market by lowering the price of BlackBerry Storm and BlackBerry Bold. The price of the Storm and Bold series will be lowered by $50 in an effort to increase sales by 25%. This plan will also increase BlackBerry’s market share. It will bring in new mainstream customers for the very popular BlackBerry Storm and BlackBerry Bold. These products are direct competitors for Apple’s iPhone. The price decrease might lure Apple customers to switch to BlackBerry products as the quality difference between the products is minimal. The likelihood of RIM’s competitor s lowering their price to counteract the decrease in their sales is low, because that will lower the margin of the whole sector rather than just one company (RIM). To avoid these price wars, they will let RIM enjoy the increased market share. Course Concepts: Major concepts used were: a) The Marketing Research Process: We used the format showed in Exhibit 5. 1 in page 122 of the Marketing book. We made a rough copy in class that defined the problem clearly and the objectives. We delegated the objectives to group members. We performed researched on it and collected the secondary data. We then analyzed all the data and wrote this paper. b) The Marketing Environment Analysis Framework: We used this framework extensively throughout our project. We analyzed SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) of RIM in detail. SWOT analysis helped us design solutions based on RIM’s strengths and weaknesses. We also made solutions that let us develop the opportunities and guard us from the threats. We integrated the Macroenvironmental Factors such Competitors, Demographics, Social/Cultural and Economic. c) We identified segmentation, targeting and positioning in our Implementation Plan. This helped us focus on a group of customers and to come up with solutions that will meet our goals concerning this group. References Canalys Research. (n. d. ). Smart phones defy slowdown. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Press and Research releases: http://www. canalys. com/pr/2009/r2009081. htm Gartner. (n. d. ). Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales Declined 6 Per Cent and Smartphones Grew 27 Per Cent in Second Quarter of 2009. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Press releases: http://www. gartner. com/it/page. jsp? id=1126812 Gibbs. (n. d. ). Why RIM’s App World Is Key to Its Long-term Success. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from GigaCom: http://gigaom. com/2009/09/28/app-world-will-be-crucial-for-RIM-as-smartphone-space-heats-up/ Grewal, L. P. (2009). In Marketing (Canadian Edition ed. , pp. 3-4). McGraw-Hill. Leader-Post. (n. d. ). Analysts pessimistic about RIM's market share. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Business : http://www. leaderpost. com/business/story. html? id=2033215 NPD Group. (n. d. ). RIM Unseats Apple in The NPD Group's Latest Smartphone Ranking . Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Press release: http://www. npd. com/press/releases/press_090504. html Perez, M. (n. d. ). BlackBerry Maker Pushes For Mainstream. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Information Week: http://www. informationweek. om/news/personal_tech/blackberry/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=220200247 Reardon. (n. d. ). Smartphone sales slow amid troubled economy. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from CNET: http://news. cnet. com/8301-1035_3-10113288-94. html Reardon, M. (n. d. ). Market to be dominated by smartphones and low-cost handsets. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from CNET Crave: http://asia. cnet. com/crave/2009/08/14/market-to-be-dominated-by-smartphones-an d-low-cost-handsets/ Reseach In Motion. (n. d. ). Company. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from RIM: http://www. RIM. com/company/index. shtml The Globe and Mail. (n. d. . iPhone price may help BlackBerry. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Featured Market Blog: http://www. theglobeandmail. com/blogs/markets/iphone-price-may-help-BlackBerry/article767553/ The Wall Street Journal. (n. d. ). BlackBerry With Touch Screen Planned . Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Business:: http://online. wsj. com/article/SB121087480469495889. html Wikipedia. (n. d. ). BlackBerry. Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/BlackBerry Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Windows Mobile . Retrieved 10 22, 2009, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Windows_Mobile

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Bhavnath Temple Case Study

R. D. Introduction: The case is all about an increasing irrigation facilities after independence but there was certain problems with the removing location of BHAVNATH TEMPLE which is between the dam and people don’t want to change place of temple with that there are some other issue also there. After independence in 1947, the both central state government want overall economic development. In undivided Bombay province a proposal given to build dam on river. It calculated 4700 million cu. ft. Water to develop 92000 acre of land, In 3 district. To do that 8 villages are totally submerged and resettled at other place. This all require to providing new livelihood to people. The reservoir was to have catchments area of 230 sq. miles. The average rainfall was 34†. In this 1 plan the F. S. L. , was 592 H. F. L. was 596 and R. L. was 601. Directed irrigable area was 19300 acres and the indirect irrigation flow to some 73600acre. It yields 15. 83 lacks revenue per year. Agricultural production increase as 30400 tons. It was 147. 74 lacks. This project was fully feasible in the eyes of government. If plan 1 was accepted than temple was saved by using gates to save from flood. After making 1 proposal government made 2 proposal. In that, if all of three levels rose so that ultimate capacity raise to 1000 million cu. Ft. in that F. S. L. 595 H. F. L. 606. By doing this the agricultural production increasing and irrigation facilities provide to larger areas. But in 2 plan temple could not be saved but people remained adamant in there demand. IN 1960 state of Bombay bifurcated and now Gujarat PWD department began to think about reopened the plan again. They find this scheme was good for development. The problem is that what should do to become success of this plan. Objectives: †¢ To build the dam, †¢ To increase agricultural production, †¢ Do ultimate overall development Problems: †¢ Temple get submerged, †¢ Religious sentiments, †¢ Opposition by villagers †¢ People get displaced. Constraints: †¢ Location of dam †¢ Religious sentiment can’t be changed. Criteria: †¢ Cost should be minimized †¢ Maximum returns †¢ Minimum people affected †¢ Minimum time in implementation Alternatives: †¢ Plan 1 if no plan 2 †¢ Resettlement of affected people †¢ Wall around the temple Help from religious leader †¢ Convincing people about benefit †¢ Raising the height of temple Suggestion: From all above alternative we compare it with objectives, problem, and criteria we can suggest that to succeeding this scheme government should increasing level of temple by above than flood level with using good construction peeler so ultimately height of temple raised and they saved from flood. By doing so peoples are permit to build dam on river. Contingency plan: If it is not possible to build temple by construction of piller then take help from the religious leader. THANK YOU Bhavnath Temple Case Study R. D. Introduction: The case is all about an increasing irrigation facilities after independence but there was certain problems with the removing location of BHAVNATH TEMPLE which is between the dam and people don’t want to change place of temple with that there are some other issue also there. After independence in 1947, the both central state government want overall economic development. In undivided Bombay province a proposal given to build dam on river. It calculated 4700 million cu. ft. Water to develop 92000 acre of land, In 3 district. To do that 8 villages are totally submerged and resettled at other place. This all require to providing new livelihood to people. The reservoir was to have catchments area of 230 sq. miles. The average rainfall was 34†. In this 1 plan the F. S. L. , was 592 H. F. L. was 596 and R. L. was 601. Directed irrigable area was 19300 acres and the indirect irrigation flow to some 73600acre. It yields 15. 83 lacks revenue per year. Agricultural production increase as 30400 tons. It was 147. 74 lacks. This project was fully feasible in the eyes of government. If plan 1 was accepted than temple was saved by using gates to save from flood. After making 1 proposal government made 2 proposal. In that, if all of three levels rose so that ultimate capacity raise to 1000 million cu. Ft. in that F. S. L. 595 H. F. L. 606. By doing this the agricultural production increasing and irrigation facilities provide to larger areas. But in 2 plan temple could not be saved but people remained adamant in there demand. IN 1960 state of Bombay bifurcated and now Gujarat PWD department began to think about reopened the plan again. They find this scheme was good for development. The problem is that what should do to become success of this plan. Objectives: †¢ To build the dam, †¢ To increase agricultural production, †¢ Do ultimate overall development Problems: †¢ Temple get submerged, †¢ Religious sentiments, †¢ Opposition by villagers †¢ People get displaced. Constraints: †¢ Location of dam †¢ Religious sentiment can’t be changed. Criteria: †¢ Cost should be minimized †¢ Maximum returns †¢ Minimum people affected †¢ Minimum time in implementation Alternatives: †¢ Plan 1 if no plan 2 †¢ Resettlement of affected people †¢ Wall around the temple Help from religious leader †¢ Convincing people about benefit †¢ Raising the height of temple Suggestion: From all above alternative we compare it with objectives, problem, and criteria we can suggest that to succeeding this scheme government should increasing level of temple by above than flood level with using good construction peeler so ultimately height of temple raised and they saved from flood. By doing so peoples are permit to build dam on river. Contingency plan: If it is not possible to build temple by construction of piller then take help from the religious leader. THANK YOU

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Social networking research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social networking - Research Paper Example One such obstacle is culture. Most of the popular sites are run on the basis of mass connectivity. However, many people have their own ways of interaction that cannot be completely replaced by this mass interaction approach. People buy many personal things based on advice from relatives and friends (Curran & Blackburn, 1994). Role models also play a major role in influencing decisions. In fact word of mouth is still the most effective method of advertisement (Trusov et al, 1990). Many people only trust the message depending on the person delivering it (Nail, 2005). Another big weakness of mass marketing organs with a worldwide audience such as the Internet is that everything goes. Much as an individual may choose to whom and what they communicate, they cannot control the content directed at them. Though the cultural limitations are often ignored by social network program designers, in a relatively conservative environment such as the that found in the UAE, some items, suggestions or insinuations found in the sites range from being upsetting to outrightly offensive (Ali, 2009). Futhermore, interaction sites such as YouTube and Facebook will are relatively new phenomena. It is therefore foolhardy to imagine that the established cultural networks of communication will simply give way to impersonal interaction sites overnight (Wills & Wills, 1996). 2~ Social networking is an effective medium because it aids in developing a better CRM program, where it has became a tool for two way communication between companies and consumers, and so it is effective for small businesses because they can exchange and listen to their consumer’s views and ideas. The main advantage of social networking programs is that they are based on interaction. It is therefore possible to provide a centralized infrastructure to enable delivery of content, adequate and detailed information about the product, aftersales support, information on product

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Futures and Innovation - Media and Innovation Essay

Futures and Innovation - Media and Innovation - Essay Example Innovation could help bring in more revenues for industries, for the government, and for the overall economy. It is a never-ending process and a way in which industries learn to adapt to the changing needs and wants of the general public (Schaffer & Paul-Chowdhury, 2002). In this postmodern society, some of the best innovations are through media. The dawn of computers and information technology (IT) has also been the go signal for media innovations. The wonders of the internet has already brought us online social networks, not to mention blogs, forums, and chat rooms where people of all walks of life can put across their personal sentiments, conduct their private businesses or simply socialize while glued to their seats. This virtual enterprise has especially made a difference on the business interests of the tourism industry. Governments from various countries as well as private companies specializing in travel and tours are now seeing the cost-efficient way of promoting native destinations to the rest of the world via the internet (Steinbock, 2003, pp.109-121). There is no need to send travel brochures or pamphlets by manual mail. Today, the tourism industry can simply build websites with state-of-the-art â€Å"Virtual Tour† features and att ract tourists from around the world. Virtual tourism has had a mixed reception, which is why this essay will scrutinize its benefits and disadvantages in modern-day tourism. Following a discussion on the pros and cons of this ground-breaking media innovation, this essay will also present a country case study dealing with the impact of virtual tours and virtualization in Portugal. Virtual tours are mock models of sceneries, shops, or places that help to promote the real ones. Also a kind of virtual reality accessible through several tourism websites, virtual tours are a set of continuous pictures, videos, and other multimedia that enables viewers to move from place to place with just a

Monday, August 26, 2019

Campaign Election Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Campaign Election Project - Essay Example This paper seeks to explore the four republican presidential nominees that will compete against President Barrack Obama in 2012, evaluating their background, any pools used, and campaign strategies they intend to use. Willard Mitt Romney was born on March 12th, 1947 in Detroit. His parents are the late George Wilcken Romney and Lenore Lafount. During his childhood, his parents were proud of him since he was formidable in life. Mitt started his education at the Roosevelt Elementary school, and later attended Cranbrook academy. Though he never excelled in a particular subject; Mitt was popular person and his leadership skills could be seen at a tender age. In 1965, he graduated from high school and joined Stanford University. While studying, he often traveled in France for a missionary work attempting to convert Catholics to his faith. In 1971, he graduated with a degree in English. From 1978 to 1984, he was Bain and Co. vice President, and in 2002, became the Salt Lake organizing committee of winter Olympics. In 2003, Romney became the Massachusetts’ Governor. As a chief executive of the Commonwealth, he is supported by many subordinate officers. Romney has used various campaign strategies to win the post such as, intending to boost the nation economy and announced 59-point job during a speech on September, 2011. His main objective is to restore the American economy by creating job opportunities to eradicate poverty. If elected, he has promised to initiate five bills and executive orders that would augment economic growth. He has evaluated the need to refurbish American education system through better payment for qualified teachers to improve teaching quality. Ron Paul was born in August 20th, 1935 by Margaret Dumont and Howard Paul in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. During his childhood, he helped his parents to run a family’s daily business. Ron Paul is aged 76 years

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Advertising for SONY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Advertising for SONY - Essay Example Sony Company is an electronic and communications manufacturer. It is based in Tokyo Japan and recorded revenue of eighty eight billion dollars during the year 2008. The company offers a variety of products such as video game merchandises video items for consumption, IT products, electronics and communication devicesThese commodities are produced under the following five categories; entertainment, electronics, games and financial services. Its business operations are Sony Financial Holdings, Sony Ericsson, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Electronics. (Howard, 2000)One element that makes Sony stand out in the industry is its originality. The company has created standards for their products as depicted in the Betamax system of video recorders. Besides innovation, Sony is a multinational corporation. This gives the company access to a large pool of clients thus complementing sales in one country with those in another. (Collett, 1999)The Sony marketing d epartment seems to be getting on the wrong side of the moral divide as they have been criticised by some media critics. This was brought up by the controversial advertisements that the company has aired. One such example was with regard to a racially charged advertisement. In addition, Sony Company failed to comply with marketing ethics by hiring a marketing critic to praise the performance of their commodities. However, this did not fare well with the real marketing critics. All these bad marketing decisions have tainted the Sony name. Sony's management has been overwhelmed by the technological changes characteristic of the electronic and IT industry. Consequently, the company has had to fire a substantial number of employees who were not familiar with new production technologies and replaced them with a fresh batch. This move has met a lot of criticism from consumers. As matter of fact, some people attribute the company's declining quality in some of its products to this issue. (Collett, 1999) Opportunities The company needs to invest in its employees. High employee turnover is hurting the company's corporate social responsibility image. On top of that, the company is compromising on the quality of the products by frequently firing their employees. The new employees who join the company may not be familiar with some of the production process. In order to curb this problem, the Sony should train its employee regularly in order to prevent these problems. Threats Sony' major threat is being out-competed by its counterpart due to a failure to adapt to technology adequately. This was seen when Sony used Immersion Company's technology to create their play station 3 video game units. The company was forced to pay royalties to Immersion for doing this. Such kinds of approaches to technologies will harm the company in the future; instead, the company should focus on developing their own formats. (Collett, 1999) Review of advertising brand and competitors The adverting brand under consideration is the new online game division for Sony. Sony has a strong brand name that has placed it above other competitors such as JVC. The company dedicated a lot of time trying to come up with the most appropriate name for their products. There are many reasons why this name made a mark for the company. First of all, it is easy to pronounce; many Japan-based companies may settle for difficult names that make it difficult for international consumers to relate to. Additionally, the brand name is easy to remember as very few companies out there have such a name. On top of that, it has the ability to attract people who may not be as well versed with technology as others. Many electronic manufacturers use acronyms instead of full names from their brands thus repelling non-technical consumers. (Howard, 2000

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Reaction paper - Essay Example Therefore, the Holocaust evokes the greatest amount of sympathy for the Jewish race because of the intense horror and torture that was inflicted upon them. (Atkins, 2009, P.p 176-180) Having been a Holocaust Affirmationist, the evidence that were brought forth by David Cole opened up a new side to the controversy. In concurrence with Dr. Piper’s statement, there is in fact a high possibility that the Soviet Union may have fabricated the story about the alleged ‘Gassings’ that took place at Auschwitz, considering the political advantage. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the atrocities during the war never took place at all. (Atkins, 2009, P.p 176-180) As it is stated earlier, the accuracy of the history and symbology of the event is vastly accepted without question. However, there is room for skepticism and this is based on and triggered by the fact that the claims made by researchers and historians are not substantiated by sufficient amount of evidence. And Dr. Franciszek’s interview actually raised some very shocking pieces of evidence regarding the Holocaust and David Cole’s role was further magnified due to the fact that he was Jewish and brought forth very important pieces of knowledge in public view. In my opinion considering all factors there were millions of people, who lost their life during the World War II and it consisted a large number of Jews. However, the killings cannot be deemed as systematic as ‘Gassings’ and the magnitude of the Holocaust is vastly overestimated. Therefore, there has to be greater amount of research into the subject to substantiate the

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Case Study article, Labor Force Participation of Men and Women in the Essay

Case Study article, Labor Force Participation of Men and Women in the U.S. Economy, - Essay Example milarly, with more women now opting to work, fathers are also forced to look after their children and hence men participation in the workforce has seen a decline. Another reason for the increase in the women participation is the introduction of birth control and family planning programmes. This again has relieved women from their conventional household duties. All these points seem valid but the author fails to comment on the sustainability of these changes. I believe these changes will be short lived. In the long run, the decline in birth rate will mean that less labor force will be available for economic development and GDP will fall at a faster rate with less young and energetic people working in the economy and older people retiring early. The increase in women participation should be, therefore, taken as more of a problem then something to be happy about as it would harm the economy in the long

Friday, August 23, 2019

Untittled Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Untittled - Essay Example The artistic objectives intended by the artist are brought out clearly and excellently in the choice of color. Mentioning an overall black colored sculpture immediately registers in the mind that it was a dull item. The artist, however, made an overall coloring that is rich, bright, vibrant, engaging and that creates visual interest. There is a well-calculated color harmony on the sculpture accompanied by excellent color context between the black color and vivid red. The sculpture is a 3dimension figure with a height, width, and depth made from a solid to a hollow. The method used in designing the sculpture is subtractive, this is where an artist creates an item by carving and removing the extra material used to attain a desired shape. Considering that the sculptures have a small size and almost similar to a vase, implies the artist did not experience a very difficult time building most of it. The bottom part takes a cylindrical shape up to halfway up; the top has a pyramid-like shape designed with simultaneous curves and a small circular opening sinking into the interior. This sculpture is a clear indication of innovative and excellent artistic work carried out carefully. The color choice was excellent, perfect texture, a suitable size for an intimate relationship and focal areas attained their importance of bringing out areas of

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Effects of Peer Pressure Essay Example for Free

Effects of Peer Pressure Essay Everyone wants to belong , to be accepted . This is a major reason why teenagers feel pressurized to go along with what others are doing the so called peer pressure. Teenagers are going through tremendous physical and emotional changes as they change from childhood to young adults . There are new responsibilities to be faced , exams to be taken and of course new relationships to be faced . There is rebellion against the rules and ideas that parents impose and so they flock together almost in desperation in some cases. As young people spend more time with their peers outside the family home there are opportunities to do things that they haven t done before such as trying out substances drugs , alcohol and so on . Young people at this stage in their lives often feel very insecure are the changes that are happening to them normal ? Why haven t they got bigger breasts a longer penis , a boy /girl friend and all the rest ? They may even be unsure of their sexual orientation By giving in to peer pressure and uniting in a common `uniform whether of clothing or language they feel stronger and more normal , and meeting with others going through similar problems reinforces their egos , even though this may go against the norms of society in general. As they mature , obtain jobs , move away from the area in which they grew up perhaps , the effects of peer pressure will diminish . see more:essay on peer pressure They will hopefully realize that misusing drugs is not a good thing . Gradually , as they become surer of themselves , most people feel able to make their own decisions as to which music they prefer , clothes to be worn , even their opinions on world issues will be less affected by what their friends think or do . They will make their own decisions about taking drugs or getting drunk . They will feel accepted for who they are , what they are capable of , and though peer pressure continues to affect most people to some extent its effects tend to lessen as maturity occurs Peer pressure has a very strong influence on our decisions; so it is capable of bringing about great change, whether its for the good or the bad of the situation or person. Peer pressure exists for all ages. Pre-teens and teenagers face many issues related to conformity and peer pressure. They are pulled between the desire to be seen as individuals of unique value and the desire to belong to a group where they feel secure and accepted. The result is that often teens reject family or general society values, while feeling pressure to conform rigidly to the values of their peer Your peers are the people with whom you identify and spend time. In children and teens, they are usually, but not always, of the same age group. In adults, peers may be determined less by age and more by shared interests or professions. Peer pressure occurs when an individual experiences implied or expressed persuasion to adopt similar values, beliefs, and goals, or to participate in the same activities as those in the peer group. Peer groups have so much influence, especially with adolescents, because, nomatter how inappropriate it seems to adults, belonging to a group really doesgive something significant to the young person. Peer groups provide a placewhere children feels accepted, where they can feel good about themselves, andwhere their self-esteem is enhanced. Some psychologists also point out thatlife become simpler when we conform to expectations. Young people tend to gravitate toward other young people with the same problems and in the same situations as themselves and where they feel they will be understood and accepted.There is a very, very strong need to satisfy that thirst for unity and for acceptance. The feeling of belonging is a very powerful force that can outweigh ties to church, school, family, or community. In addition to the feeling of belonging and not being alone or socially isolated, some characteristics that peer groups offer which make them attractive and that families may lack are: (1) a strong belief structure; (2) a clear system of rules; and (3) communication and discussion about taboo subjects suchas drugs, sex, and religion. Read more: http://www.faqs.org/health/topics/76/Peer-pressure.html#ixzz2KMutEDRZ http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-and-positive-effects-of-peer-pressure.html

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Contempory Management Functions Essay Example for Free

Contempory Management Functions Essay How do the theories proposed in your chosen reading inform your understanding of contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship? The Purpose of this essay is to determine how scientific management impacts contemporary management functions and the employer-employee relationship. This essay is based on the journal article [Locke,E (1982)The Ideas of Fredrick W Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy Management review,7(11),pp.14-24] and is regarding scientific management started by Fredrick Winslow Taylor which was a theory developed regarding management which analysed workflows. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to management. Scientific management’s main objective was to improve economic efficiency and productivity in the workforce. In most simple terms some of the many concepts were having a standardised method for doing a job, providing increased compensation to the worker as reward for being efficient and hiring the right person for the right job. Many of these theories are very commonly used in management today. Contemporary is a word meaning existing or occurring at the same time (Robbins,2012) . Management functions refer to the way somebody manages a business (Robbins,2012). Therefore contemporary management functions are how we typically manage today. Employer- employee relationship is the relationship in which a manager has with their employee’s and how they complete their work day together and if they are efficient together (Robbins,2012). The four contemporary management functions are Planning, Organising, leading and controlling. Planning is defined as a management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities (Robbins,2012). Organising is a management function that involves arranging and structuring work to accomplish the organisations goals (Robbins,2012). Leading is working with and through people to accomplish organisational goals and controlling involves monitoring, comp aring and correcting work performance (Robbins,2012). Scientific management theories proposed in this reading do apply to  contemporary management functions. Although many of these theories could be argued as common knowledge today, when Fredrick Taylor established them they were prehistoric terms. He wanted to find out ‘one best way’ for everything in the workplace. Taylor’s most well known experiment was the pig-iron experiment (Locke, 1982 ). The experiment involved workers loading ‘pigs’ of iron on to rail cars. He knew their current daily output, but believed more was possible using scientific management. This was done due to many things. First of all putting the right person on the job with the right tools and equipment. In today’s management people hire the best person they can for the job. Secondly he had the worker follow his instructions exactly. This is also normal in today’s management functions, because people do things the way the employer wants them to. Taylor also motivated successful and productive workers with higher pay (Locke, 1982). This is also very common in today, with higher salary packages for good workers and pay increases for productivity fairly common. This improves employer and employee relationships by making the employee feel valued. Although many people believe in Taylors scientific management functions Lawerence (2010), Green (1986) both argue that that this is not the case and that scientific management is the problem in today’s management. Although there arguments are well presented there seems to be no evidence suggesting that Taylor’s theories do not work. Chung(2013) Agrees with Taylors contemporary management theories but argues the point that people could be to caught up on contemporary management functions and forgetting some key aspects of general managing. Taylor’s scientific management theories help the understanding of the employer-employee relationship by making it easier to understand what the relationship is actually for. This relationship is primarily about productivity .Many things Taylor did such as relaying messages from the employer to the employee to improve productivity) are also widely used in today’s management(locke,1982) . He also discovered that giving feedback to your employees will increase there skills and there productivity ( Locke,1982). This method is also very commonly used today with weekly meetings in many companies between employee and employer. Many large companies today use contemporary management functions in the work place. Companies Such as subway, burger king and McDonald’s are all very structured from top to bottom of the company and people are constantly striving to think of ways to improve productivity thus maximising profits. Yang (2012), Talks about all the hugely complex mathematical equations that now go into various parts decision making in Burger King and McDonald’s. Although the equations are to complex to understand to the average person it is clear that management is a lot more planned and structured in today’s workplace. Williams (2008) statesâ€Å"Consistency is a priority at McDonald’s† (p.15). This is true because anytime you walk into a McDonalds anywhere in the world you know what to expect. This is due to the contemporary management functions of a large scale to plan and organise and regulate what every individual McDonalds can do to ensure people know what they are getting and what to expect every time they walk through that door. Williams (2008) also discusses the change between old management styles and new management styles that have produced positive results for the company. The new management styles are all very similar to what Locke (1982) says about Taylor’s theories. For example Williams (2008) speaks about all the new rewards McDonalds have brought in for successful franchises and employees ranging from bonus’s to promotions to higher positions which like Taylor suggests encourages people to work harder hence greater profits (Locke, 1982 ) . Williams (2008) also talks about the extensive process in training managers and staff and the new expectations of every employee within the company that has increased greatly over the years to insure everythi ng runs according to contemporary management functions. Taylor’s theories of scientific management are helpful in informing you of contemporary management functions and employer-employee relationships. The way the workplace is shaped today seems very relevant to Taylor’s theories. Many of his theories are normal in today’s management functions. Although he has had many critics of his work It is shown in the articles that not many have been able to prove there arguments. Using evidence such as Williams (2008) journal on the change in managing McDonalds makes it clear that Taylor has had a big influence on typical management functions in today’s  workplace. Chung, C. (2013) The Road Not Taken: Putting ‘Management’ Back to Taylor’s Scientific Management, Journal of multidisciplinary research, 5(1), pp. 45-56. Green, M. (1986) A Kantian Evaluation of Taylorism in the Workplace, Journal of Business Ethics, 7 (2), pp. 165-169. Lawrence, P. (2010)The key job design problem is still Taylorism, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 31 (2), pp. 412-421. Locke, E. (1982) The Ideas of Fredrick W .Taylor: An Evaluation, Academy of Management Review, 7 (1), pp. 14-24. Robbins,S.R., Bergman, Stagg, Coulter. (2012). Management (6th ed.). Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd. Williams, E. (2008) Accelerated leadership development tops the talent management menu at Mcdonald’s ,27(4),pp. 15-31. Yang,N. (2012) Burger King and McDonald’s: Where’s the Spillover?, 19(2),pp.255-281

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

English Language And Global Identity English Language Essay

English Language And Global Identity English Language Essay With increasing popularity of English language as a second language it makes it a global language rather than a regional or a national language. The learning and use of English language also brings new identities along with it. This can be seen more comprehensively in the past two decades; as we can relate to global icons more than before, we have more global identities now. We can relate to English music, Hollywood movies, Global Icons, Heroes, Global brands etc. As Crystal (2000) stresses Language as the primary symbol of identity. When two persons of different nationalities or different origins meet; the first thing they bring together in the conversation is the use of a language which connects these two persons. Hence language is used as the bridge between two unknown persons for communication; giving them some type of identity and means to communicate. In recent years, English language has been used as a global language for communication between different nationalities hence increasing the importance and influence of English language. But the question arises if its possible to adopt a new identity without losing your original (or first) identity. A number of studies in the field of social psychology have shown that immigrants can feel emotionally attached to the new country without losing their attachment to their homeland (Harris 1980). In other words, in short term it might be possible to learn a new different language in isolation and without adopting new identity (or identities) related to that language or culture associated with it but in long term using this language with other people to communicate does bring changes in ones perceptions of identity and also brings new identities to an individual. According to a study by Goffman (1963) the personal identity is defined by how others identify us but not how we identify ourselves. Identity, language and second language learning The concept of identity is a rather loose one. This is evidenced by the fact that various dictionaries and articles seem to give different and slightly vague definitions. From the fact of being who or what a person or thing is (www.wordreference.com) to the state or fact of being the same on as described (www.dictionary.com), authors seem to struggle when trying to be precise with what elements constitute an identity. For that reason we particularly like a more open (but less vague) statement that defines an identity as the set of attributes describing (an aspect of) a person ( Koch 2002). This set of attributes tend to diverge depending on the specialized literature, and though is debatable whether or not a particular element constitute part of an identity, there seems to be a general agreement and understanding on the importance that a language has when giving form or description to a particular identity. It remains unclear if it is strictly necessary to be able speak a language (o r how deep is the knowledge of that language) to form an identity. According to (Love Ansaldo 2010) a native speaker is someone born and brought up from birth to speak a given language. A person is a native speaker if he/she is brought up in a family where the parents or other adults had the same experience with the same language during their upbringing. Hence, if you are a native speaker of a language that particular language is referred to as your mother tongue. However, these links between language and identity tend to refer to the mother languages and not so much about newly acquired ones. When it comes to second language learning, the effects of this language on the speakers identity depend on the reasons and level of assimilation of the language. According to the literature on Second Language Learning (SLL) (or Second Language Acquisition (SLA)), second language learners (L2) and foreign language learners have as main reasons for learning a second language family, profession, communication, personal interest and by requirements of an educational system. In addition, the variables age, language and personal engagement play an enormous role on the level of knowledge of a secondary language and to a certain extent to the way that it affects our identity (- Piller, -2002). Accordingly, if an individual is learning a language with motivation, that individual gets engaged in the process and perceives that knowledge as a benefit for the future, the level of assimilation of the language and its cultural background will have a deeper impact on his/her identity. On the contrary, if the reasons to learn a secondary language are imposed and are deemed as useless, that language will have a very limited impact on the personal identity. National Perspectives on learning English language as a second language India India is rich in languages.   There are 18 major languages spoken in India and over 1600 regional languages. Even though Hindi is the official  language. English has been with India since the early 1600s, when the East India Company started trading and English missionaries first began their efforts. A large number of Christian schools imparting an English education were set up by the early 1800s. The process of producing English-knowing bilinguals in India began with the Minute of 1835, which officially endorsed T.B. Macaulays goal of forming a class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern a class of persons, Indians in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinion, in morals and in intellect (quoted in Kachru 1983, p. 22). English became the official and academic language of India by the early twentieth century. The rising of the nationalist movement in the 1920s brought some anti-English sentiment with it even though the movement itself used English as its medium. English is the second major language spoken in India and is used for much of the official business. It is the official language of the judiciary. Many people prefer to use English as a common language. A large percentage of people in India can speak and read English. English is also extensively used in education .The school education in the country is basically divided into two different categories. I.e. primary, secondary. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Secondary consists grade six to tenth. The school education available in three languages formats. One is state language format, another in national language format and English format. Choice depends on students. If choose State or National language format in school education, English start at secondary level. Choose English it starts from primary level. But graduation and after level it must be study in English. English is the most commonly used language of international commerce, politics, science, diplomacy, and the most commonly used language on the Internet. English is such a language having an international status and can provide the best medium to interact with outside world. India is a peace-loving country and wants to spread the same message to all countries of the world. We have to explain and convince friendly nations our point of view. Present Indian deal with export business   Ã‚  worldwide like software, textiles, chemicals, telecommunication hardware, food grains, iron and steel, consumer durables and electronics, Jewelers. To communicate with worldwide clients we require common language. In India is now seen as a major centre for software development. A significant number of international software companies have set up branches in India. English is the main language used in computing and Indian software engineers are proficient in English. My point of view, English is good language for communication to worldwide. A person who knows English is considered better educated. Such a person has a higher social status and may aspire for a better job. At present, most of students   Ã‚  taking English medium at primary level, but they are not studying state language and National language. English has changed Indian languages in many ways mostly through the incorporation of new words.   I would simply love to see all schools become English medium schools that teach the mother tongue as a compulsory second language. Pakistan The British ruled the Indian subcontinent (comprising of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh etc.) for almost two hundred years from 1756 1947. After the independence, the two newly formed countries inherited quite a few things from British Rule i.e. Army Structure, Train System, Governing Models, English Language, Civil Services etc. Pakistan adopted some of these things and one such thing is English Language. The country has two official languages: Urdu and English. Though Urdu is also the national language of the country; but it is English language which is substantially used in official communication at the Government level (also in Judiciary, the Legislature, and Civil Services etc.) The countrys constitution and its laws are written in English and the Legislature (National Assembly or/and The Senate) uses English language for amending existing laws or introducing any new laws. English is also extensively used in education. The school education in the country is basically divided into three different categories i.e. Primary, Middle, and High. Primary Consists from grade one to five, Middle from grades six to eight and High school consists of Grades nine and ten. The English language is compulsory at all three levels which mean that every student has to take an English language course for at least first ten years of his or her education. The education system especially in big cities is English based and every course is taught in English except Urdu Language course of course. The country also has another education system which runs in parallel to the Public education and often termed as Private Education (or Private Schools). Its education, curriculum and examination are mostly based on Cambridge International Examinations. The percentage of students going through this system is far less than the other system because of several reasons. But the general percep tion in the country about English language and Private education is thought to be Elite. English is also been used in businesses and corporations quite broadly. The private organizations especially multi nationals run their daily business based on English language. The products and services available for a consumer often give offers, ingredients, help in both English and Urdu. The mode of communication in offices at these workplaces is English. The policies, mission, vision, code of conduct etc developed by these organizations is often in English. Most of the times job interviews are conducted in English language and the candidates command over English language is one of the main factors being considered during the hiring process. When we look at the entertainment industry of the country; we find English very common there too. Cinemas show most of the newly released Hollywood movies and there is a big following of these movies; most of these cinema-goers are students, youth, middle class young families, working class in private sectors etc. New generation authors coming up with amazing pieces of art in English language Mohsin Hamid is one fine example with his The Reluctant Fundamentalist winning several awards including Anisfield -Wolf Book Award. The newly promoted English theatre industry has been growing pretty fast especially in the big cities like Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Multan etc. The cable T.V and internet has also played their part in this whole phenomenon. There are few English based local T.V channels and so many other channels air English programs on regular basis. Most of the youth are addicted to English (could be American, British, Australian By English I mean based on English language) T .V shows, movie channels, music etc. In our view, this growing influence of English language in Pakistani culture and identity has fruitful consequences as it makes the people learn and speak another language, be communicative with the outside world especially to remove wrong perceptions about the country and people of Pakistan and promote the positive aspects of the country. But this phenomenon also brings some tricky issues like diminishing use of Urdu language; perceptions about Urdu being language of poor and working class. We cannot deny the growing importance of English language especially in the last decade or so making it a global language but for Pakistan and its people presence of English language in different facets of life is a very positive sign as long as there is a healthy balance between the two official languages of the country. Bangladesh From the government point of view Bangla is the national- official language of Bangladesh and English is the most important foreign language. But in reality English is the second language of the country and in many places English is more important than Bangla in Bangladesh. Constitution: About the language of the country the Bangladeshi constitution clearly states: The state language of the Republic is [Bangla]. In the constitution nothing is mentioned about the status of English. English is not mentioned as a second language or official language. But many important government documents are written both in Bangla and English. The parliament proceedings are kept into these two languages. When a government body organizes a fair then often the souvenir is published in English. English in Law court in Bangladesh: After Independence the government took the initiative to implement Bangla language in law court. As a result, now the lower courts carry out their activities in Bangla but English is yet very influential in High Court and Supreme Court. If a lawyer wants to practice in Supreme Court then he must have a good command over English language. Many of the judges still give their verdicts in English language. It seems that this trend of using English will remain for the forcible future. English in Education sector in Bangladesh: Formal and institutionalized education system started in Bangladesh during the British rule. At that time Bangladesh was part of British India. There was a debate about the medium of education. Raja Rammohan Roy argued that the medium should be English rather than Sanskrit or Persian. During the British period the medium of education was largely in English. Calcutta University took an initiative in 1935 to introduce Bangla as a medium of education along with English. In Bangladesh the use of Bangla in college level started in the 1960s. Now students can answer in the examinations in Bangla or English. In the college level and university level after 1971 the government tried to patronize Bangla and implement it by replacing English in the education sector. In our general education system English has equal if not more importance than Bangla. In our education system English is really the Second language as all the students have to study it as a compulsory subject for twelve years. English and Administration: During the language movement the people of Bangladesh were afraid that if Urdu was established as the State Language of Pakistan then all the government activities will be carried out in Urdu and our people will suffer. As a result of the language movement, the Pakistani Regime kept on carrying out government activities in English language. After Bangladesh became independent the government of Awami League decided to replace English with Bangla in administrative works but after the death of Sheikh Mujib this process came to a halt and English continued to remain as the dominant language. It was during the rule of Ershad Bangla Procholon Aeen of 1987 was created and implemented. From that time English started to lose its significance in administration. However, it has to be mentioned that all the international communication of Bangladesh government is carried out through English. English in Economic activities: The economy of Bangladesh is dependent on foreign aids and export of some common items like readymade garments, jute, tea, fish etc and also we import a lot of things. Bangladesh is not self sufficient economically. Trading is more popular than production. Trading requires constant communication with foreign companies. Many of the companies who are involved in trading have to use English in dealing with foreigners. So it is clear that English is the dominant language in our economic activities. Comparison of English foreign languages like French, German, and Farsi: French and German have become very popular for economic reasons in our country. Learning these languages help us to increase our possibility to get a UN job. Learning French is also helpful for getting immigration to Canada. Also there are good facilities to learn these languages in Dhaka University, Alliance Francaise, and Goethe Institute. Recently, the English Institute of North South University has introduced French course. On the other hand during the Muslim reign Farsi was the language of the Royal administration and law court in Bangladesh. At present, a student can attend Farsi course for one semester by just paying tk. 250 in Iran Cultural Center but there are not many students who are interested to learn Farsi, French, and German. On the other hand, hundreds of students each year appear for TOEFL and IELTS exams in English language. From the discussion so far there is no doubt that English is the second language of Bangladesh but this reality is not reflected in our constitution. Officially Bangladesh is not known as an ESL country to the outside world. So Bangladesh should be declared as an ESL country by the government without any delay. We learn English not because we like Shakespeare or Dickens. We learn English from out of every day necessity. Ghana The Ghana perspective on language culture and identity. Several reasons account for the Ghanaian attitude towards the English Language and why English is learnt, widely spoken and thought in Schools in Ghana. Paramount among these factors is the multilingual nature of the Ghanaian populace and the vis a vis this has posed to national development. Ghana like many African countries is characterized by people with different ethnic backgrounds and for that matter different language. There are over 60 languages spoken by over 18 million people in Ghana (National Population Census of 2000), which connotes that at least one distinct language is spoken by every 300,000 people on average. The multilingualism nature of the Ghanaian population has come with several challenges with regards to defining a Ghanaian Identity and what makes a person a Ghanaian. Historically, the multilingualism had transpired as a result of various ethnic migrations from different empires on the African continent who settled in Ghana in the early 1200 AD. As a result of the ethnic differences there had been conflict over which ethnic origin dominates and has appropriate ownership to various lands and regions in Ghana. The influence of the multilingualism in Ghana on national development and national identity has created several debates and efforts from a section of Ghanaians at achieving and selecting one local language to be adopted as a national language for official communications in businesses, governmental proceedings, School administration, teaching and learning as well as for inter ethnic trade communications. However these efforts have been gravely thwarted by the Ghanaian perception of local languages and the influence of the English language as inherited from the Colonial masters. The premier constitution of Ghana known as The Gold Coast constitution made specific prerequisites for Elected Members of the legislative assembly to be able to speak and read the English language with a degree of proficiency sufficient to enable them to participate in proceedings of the assembly since such proceedings were totally conducted in English. However the 1992 version of the constitution has dropped this requirement. This clearly demonstrates the extent of prestige and significance that the Ghanaian community placed on the usage of the English language for official proceedings. Formal Education began with the influence of the European merchants and the Christian missionaries who invaded the then gold coast in the early 15th century.   Missionaries started building schools and educational centers   Ã‚  and used them as training grounds for their converts. During such trainings emphasis were laid on the learning of the English language than any local language at the time. As a result by the 1890s English was the sole language used for training in schools in the (McWilliam and Kwamena-Poh 1975) The British colonial rule of over a century (1821-1957), led to the establishment of English as the most prestigious and the only official language of the country, a privileged position that the colonial language has retained after independence as well, till the present day. The English Language is today employed in television and radio broadcasts, news papers, magazines, book publications, legal proceedings and documentation, and all forms of official proceedings. The peculiar prestige enjoyed by the English language is clearly evinced in the words of this Ghanaian journalist, who claims that: English [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] enjoys great prestige in the country as it is seen as a language of power and security. Competence in English gives one the power to exercise authority; t is a key to ones advancement in society. It enhances ones chances of getting a good job. A person who wants to feel secure learns English as it is one of the requirements for employment in many areas. (Saah, 1986: 370)6 Sweden For people growing up in Sweden, English is scheduled from the 4th grade until the second year of high school. This means that Swedes study English from the age of ten until seventeen. It adds up to a total of eight years of schooling in the English language. In addition to this many students also have the option to learn a third language for 5 years, from 7th grade to second year in high school. Learning two languages besides the mother tongue is the normal scenario for Swedish academics. The third language is most often German, French or Spanish although lately Italian has been introduced as a choice of third language as well. While the rigorous English education is mandatory in Swedish schools, it should be stated that the third language is optional. Little reflection is needed in order to understand the importance of a second language among Swedes. There are approximately nine million people living in Sweden and Swedish is not spoken to any greater extent in other countries. Due to this it is easy to see how the people in Sweden could benefit from speaking another language in order to communicate outside their national boundaries. The choice of English as a secondary language in Sweden is linked to the size of the language and its influence on the developing countries in a historical perspective. Even though it is clear that size alone was not a single deciding factor when establishing a second language for Sweden, it is obvious how it has been of importance. The Mandarin language has more than twice the speakers and Spanish is also spoken by more people than English. Further, Hindi and Arabic are just slightly smaller languages than English as it is the native tongue for large populations over the globe. However, even though th ese languages are larger or in the same size as English they have not been that useful to the Swedes. This has to do with the general development level of the societies where these languages are predominant. Take mandarin for instance, as China for a long time has been less developed than Europe and America the opportunities to do business with the country has been insignificant compared to the ones presented by countries within Europe and the US. The historical connection to America is also part of the explanation to why English is widely spoken among Swedes. In the ninetieth and twentieth century there was an extensive emigration from Europe to America. Due to harsh living conditions in the Scandinavian region during the time, more than 1,3 million Swedes packed their belongings on boats in order to sail over the north Atlantic ocean. Stories passed on from emigrants to their relatives left in Sweden led to a common perception of America as the prosperous land in the west among Sw edish inhabitants. This affected the general attitude towards the English language and gave people incentives to learn English in order to pursue happiness on the other side of the sea. This is an important event that laid the foundation for the English language in Sweden. Besides this Great Britain was an early developed nation as it was one of the first to become industrialized during the ninetieth century, an event that had huge impact on English in Sweden. In Sweden, comprehensive education is not the only driving force that has developed the English speaking skills among the population. Different media has also contributed in a great sense. As motion pictures from abroad (read Hollywood) seldom, with the exception of childrens movies, are dubbed, the Swedish audience is confronted with the English language each time they amuse themselves with a good film. Swedish television also shows a large number of English speaking shows and series. In fact most of the popular programs are from America or Great Britain. In Sweden all young people are familiar with Jay Leno, Dr. Phil, Top Gear and the various HBO productions such as Entourage, Sopranos and True Blood. When aired these broadcasts are never dubbed, instead Swedish text is provided in order to facilitate understanding. In addition to television and movies, other media such as music, games and the Internet predominately use the English language. The current development is a self fulfil ling prophecy. As more and more media is produced with English as the main language, users of this media adapt and become comfortable with using the language as a natural way of communicating. This is something that has formed the younger generations growing up in Sweden as they are confronted with the English language to a large extent in their daily lives when watching films, playing video games, browsing the Internet or listening to music. To verify the accuracy of the statements above one only has to go two generations back in time. Most grandparents in Sweden do not speak that good English and parents are not as fluent as the generation currently graduating. Similar it seems reasonable to believe that future kids and their grandchildren will be fluent in English, meaning they will be equipped with two native languages. Spain Spain, on the contrary, has the second language with more native speakers in the world divided into 44 countries. Spanish culture, language and religion, historically and forcefully spread into many countries, ensure that Spanish is not endangered and still allow Spaniards to communicate with a large part of the global population. In addition to that, a simple look into Spains recent history shows that after Spanish Civil war (1936-1939), the country fell into an almost 40-year dictatorship that ruled the country into a complete autocracy. For the first half of the dictatorship, Spain relied only on its own resources and remained closed to most of international relations. In the mid 60s due to a dire situation of Spain economics, the country was forced to open, allowing certain imports while exporting work force to Germany and France. Due to the importance and closeness of France, French started being taught in schools, even though it was usually aught for few years due to the short period of schooling that Spains population were used to. It wasnt until a few years after the restoration of democracy (1978) when the importance of English became obvious and the public school system started adding the teaching of English in public schools. However, the impact of English culture and language was so low, that the efforts to learn the language properly were never high resulting on a rather poor knowledge of the language in the general population. As in most countries that werent colonized by the British, the main sources of American/English culture into Spain were movies and series, however, differently from most countries those popular inputs were dubbed into Spanish, so the language (and especially the phonetics) have kept Englishs impact in the Spanish population to an almost absolute 0. Parents that wanted their kids to develop a better level of English would have to opt for specialized language academies, or participating in exchange programs or trips to native speaking countries. It wasnt until the late 90s, with the massive spreading of the Internet that English finally started made its impact on young Spanish population, however, English still remains as a good asset to find a job and some entertainment, but from apart from that, theres no general appeal for Spaniards to gain a high level in English use. The language is learned because it is a great tool to communicate with international people as they key for global communication, generally detached of the American/British cultural factor that surround the language, concentrating on its usability and potential audience formed by multicultural people. English and the sense of a Global Identity When it comes to specific L2, we find that the English Language has become the most important one by large in terms of geographical distribution of speakers. Though English is only the third language when it comes to native speakers (350 million against Spanish (358 million) and Mandarin (800 million)) (Ethnologue, 2009), if we add second-language speakers and those who learn the language as a foreign language, English, with 900 million speakers, rises to the second position only topped by Mandarin with 1151. However, since only 18% of the Mandarin speakers are non-Chinese speakers and 62% of the English speakers are not native-speakers (L2), and its spoken in more than 123 countries in the world, we can draw the conclusion that English has become the current de facto language of the world. Actually, English has become the current lingua franca of international business, science, technology and aviation (Ding Saunders 2006). A lingua franca, originally Italian for Frankish language, is a language systematically used to communicate between persons not sharing mother tongue, in particular when it is a third language, distinct from both persons mother tongues (Wikipedia   ). Hence, a lingua franca can be thought of as something as a bridge language between different nationalities. However it is not the purpose of this paper to study the historical reasons that have lead to the current situation. Due to the falling power and cultural influence of China in East Asia any aspiring Chinese businessman will learn English as it is already well established as the international business language (Ku Zussman 2010). As such English is incontestably the global lingua franca of the current era of globalization (Ding Saunders 2006). The reasons are various and originate from the colonialism of the British Empire to the standardization and spreading of American entertainment and IT industry. The IT revolution with new means for communication, emerging world markets, outsourcing of production to other countries, and common currencies such as the Euro are all contributing to the globalization of the world (Kilbourne 2002). If the industrialization characterized the 18th and 19th century of the western world, globalization is the trait of today. As such it marks a major turning point in human history as large parts of our daily life are affected to some extent. Activities such as reading the morning news in the wall street journal, taking your Asian ec

Monday, August 19, 2019

Do new technologies of surveillance encourage self regulation :: essays research papers

2. Do new technologies of surveillance encourage self-regulation? Discuss A fundamental dimension of modernity is the emergence of coordinated administrative power. The nation state is the prime site if such power but is also a part of modern organisations in general. Administrative power is based upon the control of information. Administrative power is enforced through surveillance where information is routinely used to monitor the activities of a subject population. No less than capitalism or industrialism, surveillance is a tool in levering the modern social world further away from traditional modes of socialisation. Over the last twenty years the progress in the technologies which handle information have appeared very dramatic and has therefore posed a threat to information privacy. Analysis of this progress reveals that this progress is not in terms of new technologies being invented but those technologies already known have increased dramatically in their power while also falling dramatically in their prices. This has happened to such a degree that the market penetration could only have been dreamed about by the most optimistic of market analysts a decade ago. The countries that are predominately concerned are those of the developed first world but as a result of the tremendous market penetration of these products their prices have now fallen to such a level that it cannot be long before the technology spreads progressively through the developed world also. From the moment we leave the privacy of our own homes we are almost under constant surveillance by cameras. Closed circuit television (C.C.T.V) are deployed and monitored in town centres, shopping centres, railways and tube networks. Traffic cameras monitor car speeds and drivers compliance with red lights. Leisure centres, hospitals and universities are increasingly under the spotlight. A combination of modern video, powerful computers and telecommunication systems are capable of turning our cities into electronic grids which allow information which includes images to be passed around a multiplicity of social actors who are separated in the forms of time and space. The direct supervision of the subject population no longer requires the physical presence of an observer and images can be lifted out at any required time with authoritative interventions made at some future time and place. Since the installation of Britain’s first street based closed circuit television system in Bournemouth initiated by vandalism on the seafront the local council and police decided to install eight C.C.T.V cameras. Sixteen years later there are now 203 cameras situated around the town centre, beaches and car parks.

The Common Cold :: essays research papers

The common cold has been plaguing humankind since the beginning of human existence. Even in these advanced times, there is no vaccine or cure. There are many symptoms that accompany the common cold. Some of these infamous symptoms are a runny nose, caused by inflammation of the nasal tissues, resulting in over production of mucus to trap the virus, and coughing. there are two different kinds or types of coughs that are common with colds. The first, is the less common dry hacking cough, these kinds are more likely to keep you up at night and just plainly annoy you than do any thing else. The other more common type of cough is the kind whose purpose is to expel mucus and or phlegm. These help to combat the cold by helping to expel the mucus that has the virus trapped in it. Other symptoms include a slight tingle or tickle in the back of the throat that usually turns into a sore throat and sneezing. Both of these symptoms are was for your body to help expel phlegm or mucus from the body. Another symptom is swelling of the face and or neck usually accompanied by pain around the eyes, nose, and forehead. This pain and swelling is caused by the introduction of the virus into your upper respiratory tract, therefore causing mucus building up in your nasal passages and then in your sinuses causing them both to become impacted. Many people complain of hoarseness, aches and pains in their joints, fever of about 101 degrees, and general aches and pains all over their bodies (Anthanasoid). There are at least two hundred different kinds of viruses that are known to cause what is known as the common cold, and an unknown number of undiscovered causes (Nourse 56). The virus who is usually responsible for a cold is called a rhinovirus, and it accounts for around thirty to fifty percent of all colds that afflict the adult part of the human population. The virus that is secondly responsible for most common colds, is called a coronavirus, and it is only different form a rhinovirus by a margin of few select proteins in it's molecular structure. The rhinovirus is so small that it can only be measured in milimicrons, one milimicron is about 1/25,000,000 of an inch, that means that about five hundred rhioviruses can fit on the point of a pin. That fact makes the rhinovirus and the coronavirus categorized in the medium territory. The virus cannot reproduce by itself. In fact scientists cannot even decide whether to classify it as an animal or a plant, because it is so primitive. To reproduce, the virus must first latch onto a nearby cell and inject it's genetic makeup into the

Sunday, August 18, 2019

Madness and Insanity in Shakespeares Hamlet - Both a Sane and Insane Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Sane or Insane Hamlet: Support for both Positions Shakespeare's tragic hero, Hamlet, and his sanity can arguably be discussed. Many portions of the play supports his loss of control in his actions, while other parts uphold his ability of dramatic art. The issue can be discussed both ways and altogether provide significant support to either theory. There are indications from Hamlet throughout the play of his mind's well being. Hamlet's antic disposition may have caused him in certain times that he is in a roleplay. Hamlet has mood swings as his mood changes abruptly throughout the play. Hamlet appears to act mad when he hears of his father's murder. At the time he speaks wild and whirling words:Why, right; you are I' the right; And so, without more circumstance at all, I hold it fit that we shake hands and part... [Act I, scene V, lines 127-134]. It seems as if there are two Hamlets in the play, one that is sensitive and an ideal prince, and the insane barbaric Hamlet who from an outburst of passion and rage slays Polonius with no feeling of remorse, Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell! / I took thee for thy better. Take thy fortune;/ Thou find'st to be too busy is some danger.- [Act III. scene IV, lines 31-33] and then talks about lugging his guts into another room. After Hamlet kills Polonius he will not tell anyone where the body is. Instead he assumes his ironic matter which others take it as madness. Not where he eats, but where he is eaten. / A certain convocation of political w orms a e'en at him. [Act IV, scene III, lines 20-21] If your messenger find him not there, seek him I' th' other place yourself. But, indeed, if you find him not within this month, you shall nose him as you go up the stairs into the lobby. [Act IV, scene iii, lines 33-36]. Hamlet's behavior throughout the play, especially towards Ophelia is inconsistent. He jumps into Ophelia's grave, and fights with Laertes in her grave. He professes I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers/Could not, with all their quantity of love,/ Make up my sum [Act V, scene I, lines 250-253], during the fight with Laertes in Ophelia's grave, but he tells her that he never loved her, when she returns his letters and gifts, while she was still alive. Hamlet subtly hints his awareness of his dissolving sanity as he tells Laertes that he killed Polonius in a fit of madness [Act V, scene II, lines 236-250]